New Fluoroprostaglandin F2α Derivatives with Prostanoid FP-Receptor Agonistic Activity as Potent Ocular-Hypotensive Agents

To describe hypertrichosis and increased pigmentation of eyelashes associated with topical latanoprost usage. Patients using unilateral topical latanoprost for glaucoma were examined for evidence of hypertrichosis and pigmentation of eyelashes and adjacent hair in the latanoprost-treated eye compared with the nontreated control eye. In 43 patients receiving unilateral topical latanoprost, hypertrichosis involved ipsilateral terminal eyelashes and regional intermediate hairs of the upper and lower eyelid as well as vellus hair of the lower eyelid skin. Differences in hair appearance between the latanoprost-treated eye and the nontreated control eye included increased number, length, thickness, curvature, and pigmentation. Latanoprost-treated eyes develop hypertrichosis and increased pigmentation in the region of treatment. Patients may benefit from being made aware of this side effect.

A sensitive in situ melanin assay using cultured mouse B16 melanoma cells is described for structure-activity studies with melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) peptides. B16 Cells were seeded at a density of 2500 cells per well in 96-well microtest tissue culture plates; after 24 h the cells were incubated in the presence of serial dilutions of MSH peptides for 3 to 5 days. The melanin released into the medium of each well was then determined spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 405 nm using an automatic microplate reader calibrated against synthetic melanin. Studies with alpha-MSH, [Nle4, D-Phe7]-alpha-MSH, [3'-iodo-Tyr2]-alpha-MSH, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)(1-24), and ACTH(1-39) showed that the peptides had identical intrinsic activities and that the relative potencies were similar to those obtained with a tyrosinase assay. The EC50 of alpha-MSH was 27 pM, i.e., about five- to sevenfold lower than that in the assays for tyrosinase or intracellular melanin. Thus, the new assay represents the most sensitive melanoma cell assay for MSH available to date.

Latanoprost, a phenyl-substituted analogue of prostaglandin F2 alpha administered as eye drops, induces increased melanogenesis in the iridial melanocytes of monkeys. Similar effects were seen in 12, 23 and 11% of patients in the USA, United Kingdom (UK) and Scandinavia, respectively, during one year of treatment. The highest incidence of induced pigmentation was seen in green-brown, yellow-brown and blue/grey-brown eyes, in that order. The relatively high proportion of patients with green-brown eyes in the UK explains the larger number of affected patients in this country. Typically, a concentric increase of the iris pigmentation appeared after six months (range: 3-17) and was judged to be noticeable by the patient in about 2/3 of the cases. After cessation of latanoprost, no change of the induced pigmentation has been seen in patients followed for two years, and there have been no signs of dispersion of pigment into the anterior chamber. Irides, homogeneously blue, grey, green or brown, were seldom affected. Naevi or freckles on iris, conjunctiva, or eye lids were not affected. It is intriguing that many patients with mixed eye color, particularly the blue-brown eyes, have not developed increased pigmentation even during two years of treatment. This could be due to a relatively slow melanogenesis or to refractory melanocytes in these individuals.