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      Kefir: composition and evaluation of in situ antagonistic activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Translated title: Kefir: composição e avaliação da atividade antagonista in loco frente a Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli.

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate whether produced kefir meets the identity and quality standards for fermented milks, to check the possibility of assigning a nutrition declaration, and to evaluate the antagonistic activity of the fermented milk against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Two different formulations of kefir (Kefir 1 and Kefir 2) were prepared to determine the percentage composition, minerals, pH, total lactic acid bacteria, and antagonistic activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The results of the physicochemical evaluation indicated a statistically significant difference between the formulations, except for the percentage of lipids, Ca, K, Mg and Na. The formulations met the parameters of identity and quality in the fermented milks under evaluation. Possible nutrition declarations for Kefir 1 are 'source of proteins' and 'reduced calorie', and for Kefir 2, 'high protein content' and 'high zinc content'. The fermented milks showed significant antagonistic activity against the tested microorganisms (> 24 h), with no activity seen after this period. Further studies involving kefir are suggested, exploring its potential as a probiotic food, and its inclusion in the diet of the population.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi averiguar se o kefir produzido atende os padrões de identidade e qualidade de leites fermentados, verificar a possibilidade de atribuição de "declaração de propriedade nutricional" e avaliar a atividade antagonista do leite fermentado frente a Staphylococcus aureus e a Escherichia coli. Foram elaboradas duas formulações distintas de kefir (Kefir 1 e 2), onde foram determinadas a composição centesimal, minerais, pH, contagem de bactérias láticas totais e a atividade antagonista frente a Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli. Os resultados da avaliação físico-química apontaram diferença estatística significativa entre as formulações, exceto para o percentual de lipídeos, Ca, K, Mg e Na. As formulações atenderam aos parâmetros de identidade e qualidade para leites fermentados avaliados. As alegações nutricionais possíveis para o Kefir 1 são "fonte de proteínas", "reduzido em calorias" e do Kefir 2, "alto conteúdo de proteínas" e "alto conteúdo de zinco". Os leites fermentados apresentaram atividade antagonista significativa frente aos micro-organismos testados (> 24 h), não sendo observada atividade após esse período. Mais estudos envolvendo o kefir são sugeridos, explorando suas potencialidades como alimento probiótico e a inserção na dieta da população.

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          Microbiological, technological and therapeutic properties of kefir: a natural probiotic beverage

          Kefir is a fermented milk beverage produced by the action of bacteria and yeasts that exist in symbiotic association in kefir grains. The artisanal production of the kefir is based on the tradition of the peoples of Caucasus, which has spread to other parts of the world, from the late 19th century, and nowadays integrates its nutritional and therapeutic indications to the everyday food choices of several populations. The large number of microorganisms present in kefir and their microbial interactions, the possible bioactive compounds resulting of microbial metabolism, and the benefits associated with the use this beverage confers kefir the status of a natural probiotic, designated as the 21th century yoghurt. Several studies have shown that kefir and its constituents have antimicrobial, antitumor, anticarcinogenic and immunomodulatory activity and also improve lactose digestion, among others. This review includes data on the technological aspects, the main beneficial effects on human health of kefir and its microbiological composition. Generally, kefir grains contain a relatively stable and specific microbiota enclosed in a matrix of polysaccharides and proteins. Microbial interactions in kefir are complex due to the composition of kefir grains, which seems to differ among different studies, although some predominant Lactobacillus species are always present. Besides, the specific populations of individual grains seem to contribute to the particular sensory characteristics present in fermented beverages. This review also includes new electron microscopy data on the distribution of microorganisms within different Brazilian kefir grains, which showed a relative change in its distribution according to grain origin.
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            Brazilian kefir: structure, microbial communities and chemical composition

            Microbial ecology and chemical composition of Brazilian kefir beverage was performed. The microorganisms associated with Brazilian kefir were investigated using a combination of phenotypic and genotypic methods. A total of 359 microbial isolates were identified. Lactic acid bacteria (60.5%) were the major isolated group identified, followed by yeasts (30.6%) and acetic acid bacteria (8.9%). Lactobacillus paracasei (89 isolates), Lactobacillus parabuchneri (41 isolates), Lactobacillus casei (32 isolates), Lactobacillus kefiri (31 isolates), Lactococcus lactis (24 isolates), Acetobacter lovaniensis (32 isolates), Kluyveromyces lactis (31 isolates), Kazachstania aerobia (23 isolates), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (41 isolates) and Lachancea meyersii (15 isolates) were the microbial species isolated. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the microbiota was dominated by bacilli (short and curved long) cells growing in close association with lemon-shaped yeasts cells. During the 24 h of fermentation, the protein content increased, while lactose and fat content decreased. The concentration of lactic acid ranged from 1.4 to 17.4 mg/ml, and that of acetic acid increased from 2.1 to 2.73 mg/ml. The production of ethanol was limited, reaching a final mean value of 0.5 mg/ml.
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              A novel approach of direct formulation of defined starter cultures for different kefir-like beverage production

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rca
                Revista Ciência Agronômica
                Rev. Ciênc. Agron.
                Universidade Federal do Ceará (Fortaleza, CE, Brazil )
                0045-6888
                1806-6690
                September 2018
                : 49
                : 3
                : 450-457
                Affiliations
                [2] Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul orgdiv1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos Brazil simoneweschenfelder@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                S1806-66902018000300450
                10.5935/1806-6690.20180051
                c31664ef-e525-4af9-9278-8037e410949f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 April 2016
                : 28 September 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Brazil


                Fermented dairy product,Características físico-químicas,Produto lácteo fermentado,Potencial probiótico,Physicochemical characteristics,Probiotic potential

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