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      Biomarkers of aging in real life: three questions on aging and the comprehensive geriatric assessment

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          Abstract

          Measuring intrinsic, biological age is a central question in medicine, which scientists have been trying to answer for decades. Age manifests itself differently in different individuals, and chronological age often does not reflect such heterogeneity of health and function. We discuss here the value of measuring age and aging using the comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), cornerstone of geriatric medicine, and operationalized assessment tools for prognosis. Specifically, we review the benefits of employing the multidimensional prognostic index (MPI), which collects information about eight domains relevant for the global assessment of the older person (functional and cognitive status, nutrition, mobility and risk of pressure sores, multi-morbidity, polypharmacy, and co-habitation), in the evaluation of the functional status, and in the prediction of health outcomes for older adults. Further integration of biological markers of aging into multidimensional prognostic tools is warranted, as well as actions which could facilitate prognostic assessments for older persons in all healthcare settings.

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          The Hallmarks of Aging

          Carlos López-Otín, Maria Blasco, Linda Partridge … (2014)
          Aging is characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death. This deterioration is the primary risk factor for major human pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Aging research has experienced an unprecedented advance over recent years, particularly with the discovery that the rate of aging is controlled, at least to some extent, by genetic pathways and biochemical processes conserved in evolution. This Review enumerates nine tentative hallmarks that represent common denominators of aging in different organisms, with special emphasis on mammalian aging. These hallmarks are: genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication. A major challenge is to dissect the interconnectedness between the candidate hallmarks and their relative contributions to aging, with the final goal of identifying pharmaceutical targets to improve human health during aging, with minimal side effects. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
          Article 0 comments Cited 3488 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Frailty in Older Adults: Evidence for a Phenotype

            L P Fried, C Tangen, J Walston … (2001)
            Article 0 comments Cited 2904 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases.

              Claudio Franceschi, Judith Campisi (2014)
              Human aging is characterized by a chronic, low-grade inflammation, and this phenomenon has been termed as "inflammaging." Inflammaging is a highly significant risk factor for both morbidity and mortality in the elderly people, as most if not all age-related diseases share an inflammatory pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the precise etiology of inflammaging and its potential causal role in contributing to adverse health outcomes remain largely unknown. The identification of pathways that control age-related inflammation across multiple systems is therefore important in order to understand whether treatments that modulate inflammaging may be beneficial in old people. The session on inflammation of the Advances in Gerosciences meeting held at the National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Aging in Bethesda on October 30 and 31, 2013 was aimed at defining these important unanswered questions about inflammaging. This article reports the main outcomes of this session. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Gerontological Society of America. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.
              Article 0 comments Cited 780 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                M. Cristina Polidori: maria.polidori-nelles@uk-koeln.de
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): GeroScience
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Geroscience
                Title: GeroScience
                Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                ISSN (Print): 2509-2715
                ISSN (Electronic): 2509-2723
                Publication date (Electronic): 7 July 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 7 July 2022
                Pages: 1-12
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.94365.3d, ISNI 0000 0001 2297 5165, Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, , National Institutes of Health, ; Baltimore, MD USA
                [2 ]GRID grid.6190.e, ISNI 0000 0000 8580 3777, Aging Clinical Research, Department II of Internal Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, , University of Cologne, ; Cologne, Germany
                [3 ]GRID grid.6190.e, ISNI 0000 0000 8580 3777, Cologne Excellence Cluster On Cellular Stress- Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, , University of Cologne, ; Cologne, Germany
                [4 ]GRID grid.413305.0, ISNI 0000 0004 0617 5936, Tallaght University Hospital and Trinity College Dublin, Tallaght University Hospital, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, ; Dublin, Ireland
                [5 ]GRID grid.450697.9, ISNI 0000 0004 1757 8650, Geriatrics Unit, Department of Geriatric Care, Orthogeriatrics and Rehabilitation, , Galliera Hospital, ; Genoa, Italy
                [6 ]GRID grid.7644.1, ISNI 0000 0001 0120 3326, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, , University of Bari, ; Bari, Italy
                [7 ]GRID grid.10423.34, ISNI 0000 0000 9529 9877, Trauma Department, , Orthogeriatric Unit, Hannover Medical School, ; Hannover, Germany
                [8 ]GRID grid.7700.0, ISNI 0000 0001 2190 4373, Institute of Gerontology, , University of Heidelberg, ; Heidelberg, Germany
                [9 ]GRID grid.266900.b, ISNI 0000 0004 0447 0018, Department of Geriatric Medicine, , University of Oklahoma, ; Oklahoma City, OK USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 613
                DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00613-4
                PMC ID: 9261220
                PubMed ID: 35796977
                SO-VID: c3759396-d949-4d01-ac29-fd4763d4d357
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 29 October 2021
                Date accepted : 19 June 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Universitätsklinikum Köln (8977)
                Open Access :

                Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: biological aging,comprehensive geriatric assessment,multidimensional prognostic index,frailty
                Data availability:
                Keywords: biological aging, comprehensive geriatric assessment, multidimensional prognostic index, frailty

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