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      Lineage 1 and 2 Strains of Encephalitic West Nile Virus, Central Europe

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          Abstract

          An encephalitic lineage 2 strain of WNV is observed for the first time outside Africa.

          Abstract

          Two different West Nile virus (WNV) strains caused lethal encephalitis in a flock of geese and a goshawk in southeastern Hungary in 2003 and 2004, respectively. During the outbreak in geese, 14 confirmed human cases of WNV encephalitis and meningitis were reported in the same area. Sequencing of complete genomes of both WNV strains and phylogenetic analyses showed that the goose-derived strain exhibits closest genetic relationship to strains isolated in 1998 in Israel and to the strain that emerged in 1999 in the United States. WNV derived from the goshawk showed the highest identity to WNV strains of lineage 2 isolated in central Africa. The same strain reemerged in 2005 in the same location, which suggests that the virus may have overwintered in Europe. The emergence of an exotic WNV strain in Hungary emphasizes the role of migrating birds in introducing new viruses to Europe.

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          Origin of the West Nile virus responsible for an outbreak of encephalitis in the northeastern United States.

          R S Lanciotti, J. Roehrig, V. Deubel … (1999)
          In late summer 1999, an outbreak of human encephalitis occurred in the northeastern United States that was concurrent with extensive mortality in crows (Corvus species) as well as the deaths of several exotic birds at a zoological park in the same area. Complete genome sequencing of a flavivirus isolated from the brain of a dead Chilean flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis), together with partial sequence analysis of envelope glycoprotein (E-glycoprotein) genes amplified from several other species including mosquitoes and two fatal human cases, revealed that West Nile (WN) virus circulated in natural transmission cycles and was responsible for the human disease. Antigenic mapping with E-glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies and E-glycoprotein phylogenetic analysis confirmed these viruses as WN. This North American WN virus was most closely related to a WN virus isolated from a dead goose in Israel in 1998.
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            West Nile fever--a reemerging mosquito-borne viral disease in Europe.

            Z Hubalek, J Halouzka (1999)
            West Nile virus causes sporadic cases and outbreaks of human and equine disease in Europe (western Mediterranean and southern Russia in 1962-64, Belarus and Ukraine in the 1970s and 1980s, Romania in 1996-97, Czechland in 1997, and Italy in 1998). Environmental factors, including human activities, that enhance population densities of vector mosquitoes (heavy rains followed by floods, irrigation, higher than usual temperature, or formation of ecologic niches that enable mass breeding of mosquitoes) could increase the incidence of West Nile fever.
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              Emergence of Usutu virus, an African Mosquito-Borne Flavivirus of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus Group, Central Europe

              Herbert Weissenböck, Jolanta Kolodziejek, Angelika Url … (2002)
              During late summer 2001 in Austria, a series of deaths in several species of birds occurred, similar to the beginning of the West Nile virus (WNV) epidemic in the United States. We necropsied the dead birds and examined them by various methods; pathologic and immunohistologic investigations suggested a WNV infection. Subsequently, the virus was isolated, identified, partially sequenced, and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The isolates exhibited 97% identity to Usutu virus (USUV), a mosquito-borne Flavivirus of the Japanese encephalitis virus group; USUV has never previously been observed outside Africa nor associated with fatal disease in animals or humans. If established in central Europe, this virus may have considerable effects on avian populations; whether USUV has the potential to cause severe human disease is unknown.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): EID
                Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                ISSN (Print): 1080-6040
                ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059
                Publication date (Print): April 2006
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 618-623
                Affiliations
                [* ]University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria;
                [† ]Szent István University, Budapest, Hungary;
                [‡ ]Central Veterinary Institute, Budapest, Hungary;
                [§ ]"Béla Johan" National Center for Epidemiology, Budapest, Hungary;
                []United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Norbert Nowotny, Zoonoses and Emerging Infections Group, Clinical Virology, Clinical Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Infectious Diseases and Clinical Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria; fax: 43-1-25077-2790; email: Norbert.Nowotny@ 123456vu-wien.ac.at
                Article
                Publisher ID: 05-1379
                DOI: 10.3201/eid1204.051379
                PMC ID: 3294705
                PubMed ID: 16704810
                SO-VID: c4c6ab20-125d-4d7c-bd74-0f2b6f1b6370
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Subject: Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: emerging infection,encephalitis,research,japanese encephalitis virus serogroup,goshawk,west nile virus,goose,west nile fever,arbovirus
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Keywords: emerging infection, encephalitis, research, japanese encephalitis virus serogroup, goshawk, west nile virus, goose, west nile fever, arbovirus

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