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      Invasive pneumococcal diseases among hospitalized children in Lima, Peru Translated title: Enfermedades neumocócicas invasoras en niños hospitalizados en Lima, Perú

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and the antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution of S. pneumoniae in pediatric patients in Lima, Peru. METHODS: A 2-year, multicenter, passive surveillance study conducted from May 2006- April 2008 in 11 public hospitals and five private laboratories in Lima, Peru, in patients less than 16 years of age with sterile site cultures yielding S. pneumoniae. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by Etest® (AB Biodisk, Solna, Switzerland). Strains were serotyped by the Quellung reaction. RESULTS: In all, 101 IPD episodes were studied, 68.3% of which were among children less than 24 months of age. Diagnoses were: pneumonia (47.5%), meningitis (38.6%), and sepsis (7.9%). The overall case fatality rate was 22.0%; case fatality rate in meningitis was 32.4%. While 80.0% of fatal cases were in those less than 24 months of age, only 50.7% of non-fatal cases (P < 0.05) were in this age group. Resistance rates were high for trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (76.2%), erythromycin (24.8%), and penicillin (22.8%). The most common serotypes were 14, 6B, 19F, 23F, and 5, which accounted for 69.7% of all strains and 87.0% of penicillin non-susceptible strains. CONCLUSIONS: IPD in hospitalized children in Lima is associated with high antimicrobial resistance levels and elevated case fatality rate, especially in young children. This baseline data will be useful for evaluating the effects of vaccine introduction.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Determinar la epidemiología de la enfermedad neumocócica invasora y la sensibilidad a los antibióticos y la distribución de los serotipos de S. pneumoniae en pacientes pediátricos en Lima, Perú. MÉTODOS: Estudio multicéntrico de vigilancia pasiva durante dos años, entre mayo del 2006 y abril del 2008, en 11 hospitales públicos y 5 consultorios privados de Lima, en pacientes menores de 16 años con cultivos de sitios estériles positivos para S. pneumoniae. Se determinó la sensibilidad a los antibióticos mediante Etest® (AB Biodisk, Solna, Suiza). Se serotipificaron las cepas mediante la reacción de Quellung. RESULTADOS: En total, se estudiaron 101 episodios de enfermedad neumocócica invasora, 68,3% de ellos en niños menores de 24 meses, con los siguientes diagnósticos: neumonía (47,5%), meningitis (38,6%) y septicemia (7,9%). La tasa de letalidad general fue de 22,0% y la tasa de letalidad por meningitis de 32,4%. Si bien 80,0% de los casos mortales ocurrió en menores de 24 meses, solo 50,7% de los casos no mortales (P < 0,05) ocurrió en este grupo de edad. Las tasas de resistencia fueron elevadas para trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol (76,2%), eritromicina (24,8%) y penicilina (22,8%). Los serotipos más comunes, 14, 6B, 19F, 23F y 5, representaron 69,7% de todas las cepas, y 87,0% de las cepas no sensibles a la penicilina. CONCLUSIONES: La enfermedad neumocócica invasora en niños hospitalizados en Lima se asocia con altos niveles de resistencia a los antimicrobianos y una tasa de letalidad elevada, especialmente en niños pequeños. Estos datos iniciales serán útiles para evaluar los efectos de la introducción de las vacunas.

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          Effect of introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae.

          Five of seven serotypes in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, introduced for infants in the United States in 2000, are responsible for most penicillin-resistant infections. We examined the effect of this vaccine on invasive disease caused by resistant strains. We used laboratory-based data from Active Bacterial Core surveillance to measure disease caused by antibiotic-nonsusceptible pneumococci from 1996 through 2004. Cases of invasive disease, defined as disease caused by pneumococci isolated from a normally sterile site, were identified in eight surveillance areas. Isolates underwent serotyping and susceptibility testing. Rates of invasive disease caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible strains and strains not susceptible to multiple antibiotics peaked in 1999 and decreased by 2004, from 6.3 to 2.7 cases per 100,000 (a decline of 57 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 55 to 58 percent) and from 4.1 to 1.7 cases per 100,000 (a decline of 59 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 58 to 60 percent), respectively. Among children under two years of age, disease caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible strains decreased from 70.3 to 13.1 cases per 100,000 (a decline of 81 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 80 to 82 percent). Among persons 65 years of age or older, disease caused by penicillin-nonsusceptible strains decreased from 16.4 to 8.4 cases per 100,000 (a decline of 49 percent). Rates of resistant disease caused by vaccine serotypes fell 87 percent. An increase was seen in disease caused by serotype 19A, a serotype not included in the vaccine (from 2.0 to 8.3 per 100,000 among children under two years of age). The rate of antibiotic-resistant invasive pneumococcal infections decreased in young children and older persons after the introduction of the conjugate vaccine. There was an increase in infections caused by serotypes not included in the vaccine. Copyright 2006 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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            Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for childhood immunization--WHO position paper.

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              Epidemiological differences among pneumococcal serotypes.

              The bacterial species Streptococcus pneumoniae consists of 90 immunologically distinct serotypes, of which some possess distinct epidemiological properties. Certain serotypes are much more likely to be associated with nasopharyngeal colonisation than to cause invasive disease. Compared with transient or infrequent colonisers, serotypes carried at high rates by young children may rapidly elicit age-associated natural immunity to invasive disease. Other serotypes seem to be of disproportionate importance as causes of disease in very young infants, in older children, in immunocompromised individuals, or in elderly people. Some serotypes seem to be associated with particular disease syndromes, such as complicated pneumonias in children, or with higher rates of hospitalisation in children or mortality in adults, or are consistently responsible for outbreaks in certain populations. Since pneumococcal conjugate vaccines are directed at specific serotypes, national immunisation advisory committees may wish to consider these serotype-specific properties when considering which vaccine formulation to introduce into a national programme.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud (Washington, Washington, United States )
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                August 2010
                : 28
                : 2
                : 121-127
                Affiliations
                [08] Lima orgnameHospital Nacional Docente Madre-Niño San Bartolomé Peru
                [09] Lima orgnameHospital Daniel A. Carrión Peru
                [03] Lima orgnameGPIN Peru
                [05] Lima orgnameHospital de Emergencias Pediátricas Peru
                [04] Lima orgnameInstituto Nacional de Salud del Niño Peru
                [06] Lima orgnameHospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia Peru
                [02] Houston Texas orgnameUniversity of Texas School of Public Health United States of America
                [01] Lima orgnameUniversidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Peru j.ochoa@ 123456uth.tmc.edu
                [07] Lima orgnameHospital Edgardo Rebagliati Peru
                Article
                S1020-49892010000800008 S1020-4989(10)02800208
                10.1590/s1020-49892010000800008
                c5b0a141-beed-41a1-a253-6ff0b484912b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 December 2009
                : 06 July 2010
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Public Health

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                Perú,pneumococcal vaccines,infecciones neumocócicas,vacunas neumocócicas,child care,Streptococcus pneumoniae,Peru,pneumococcal infections,child, hospitalized,cuidado del niño,niño hospitalizado

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