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      Chemical and physical basics of routine formaldehyde fixation

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          Abstract

          Formaldehyde is the widely employed fixative that has been studied for decades. The chemistry of fixation has been studied widely since the early 20 th century. However, very few studies have been focused on the actual physics/chemistry aspect of process of this fixation. This article attempts to explain the chemistry of formaldehyde fixation and also to study the physical aspects involved in the fixation. The factors involved in the fixation process are discussed using well documented mathematical and physical formulae. The deeper understanding of these factors will enable pathologist to optimize the factors and use them in their favor.

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          Formaldehyde fixation.

          C Fox, F B Johnson, J. Whiting … (1985)
          Article 0 comments Cited 223 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Formaldehyde, Formalin, Paraformaldehyde And Glutaraldehyde: What They Are And What They Do

            John Kiernan (2000)
            Aldehydes are the most commonly used fixatives. They serve to stabilize the fine structural details of cells and tissues prior to examination by light or electron microscopy. Research workers, technicians, pathologists and others who regularly use aldehyde fixatives frequently do not appreciate the nature and properties of these compounds or the reasons for choosing to fix a specimen in formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde or a mixture of the two. Misconceptions are widespread also about formalin and paraformaldehyde, the commercial products from which formaldehyde-containing solutions are made.
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              A Temporal Threshold for Formaldehyde Crosslinking and Fixation

              Lars Schmiedeberg, Pete Skene, Aimée Deaton … (2009)
              Background Formaldehyde crosslinking is in widespread use as a biological fixative for microscopy and molecular biology. An assumption behind its use is that most biologically meaningful interactions are preserved by crosslinking, but the minimum length of time required for an interaction to become fixed has not been determined. Methodology Using a unique series of mutations in the DNA binding protein MeCP2, we show that in vivo interactions lasting less than 5 seconds are invisible in the microscope after formaldehyde fixation, though they are obvious in live cells. The stark contrast between live cell and fixed cell images illustrates hitherto unsuspected limitations to the fixation process. We show that chromatin immunoprecipitation, a technique in widespread use that depends on formaldehyde crosslinking, also fails to capture these transient interactions. Conclusions/Significance Our findings for the first time establish a minimum temporal limitation to crosslink chemistry that has implications for many fields of research.
              Article 0 comments Cited 53 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Oral Maxillofac Pathol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Oral Maxillofac Pathol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JOMFP
                Title: Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology : JOMFP
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0973-029X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1998-393X
                Publication date (Print): Sep-Dec 2012
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 400-405
                Affiliations
                [1] Department of OralandMaxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Uthandi, Chennai, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Rooban Thavarajah, Department of Oral andMaxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India. E-mail: t.rooban@ 123456rediffmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: JOMFP-16-400
                DOI: 10.4103/0973-029X.102496
                PMC ID: 3519217
                PubMed ID: 23248474
                SO-VID: c5b3a622-84b8-469a-ac66-a069bd42c2a6
                Copyright © Copyright: © Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pathology
                Keywords: fixation,penetration,antigen retrieval,buffered formalin,diffusion,formaldehyde,immunohistochemistry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pathology
                Keywords: fixation, penetration, antigen retrieval, buffered formalin, diffusion, formaldehyde, immunohistochemistry

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