Development and psychometric testing of the Chinese version of the Resilience Scale for Southeast Asian immigrant women who divorced in Taiwan

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Abstract

Background

Only a few studies exist on the resilience of divorced women. Furthermore, relevant instruments for assessing the resilience of divorced immigrant Southeast Asian women are rare. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to develop and examine a new Resilience Scale-Chinese version (RS-C) that is specific to divorced immigrant Southeast Asian women in Taiwan.

Methods

The study was conducted in two phases. In phase 1, 20 items were used to evaluate face and content validities. In phase 2, a cross-sectional study was conducted. In total, 118 immigrant women participated in this study and were recruited from three nongovernmental organizations providing services for immigrants in Taipei City and Miaoli and Chiayi Counties. Psychometric properties of the instrument (i.e., internal consistency, test–retest reliability, item-to-total correlation, construct validity, and convergent validity) were examined. Significance was set at p < 0.05 for all statistical tests.

Results

The final 16-item RS-C resulted in a three-factor model. The three factors, namely personal competence, family identity, and social connections, were an acceptable fit for the data and explained 54.60% of the variance. Cronbach’s α of the RS-C was 0.85, and those of its subscales ranged from 0.77 to 0.82. The correlation value of the test–retest reliability was 0.87. The RS-C was significantly associated with the General Self-Efficacy scale and the Chinese Health Questionnaire-12.

Conclusion

The RS-C is a brief and specific self-report tool for evaluating the resilience of divorced immigrant Southeast Asian women and demonstrated adequate reliability and validity in this study. This RS-C instrument has potential applications in both clinical practice and research with strength-based resiliency interventions. However, additional research on the RS-C is required to further establish its reliability and validity.

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Most cited references 35

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Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).

Kathryn M Connor, Jonathan Davidson (2003)

Resilience may be viewed as a measure of stress coping ability and, as such, could be an important target of treatment in anxiety, depression, and stress reactions. We describe a new rating scale to assess resilience. The Connor-Davidson Resilience scale (CD-RISC) comprises of 25 items, each rated on a 5-point scale (0-4), with higher scores reflecting greater resilience. The scale was administered to subjects in the following groups: community sample, primary care outpatients, general psychiatric outpatients, clinical trial of generalized anxiety disorder, and two clinical trials of PTSD. The reliability, validity, and factor analytic structure of the scale were evaluated, and reference scores for study samples were calculated. Sensitivity to treatment effects was examined in subjects from the PTSD clinical trials. The scale demonstrated good psychometric properties and factor analysis yielded five factors. A repeated measures ANOVA showed that an increase in CD-RISC score was associated with greater improvement during treatment. Improvement in CD-RISC score was noted in proportion to overall clinical global improvement, with greatest increase noted in subjects with the highest global improvement and deterioration in CD-RISC score in those with minimal or no global improvement. The CD-RISC has sound psychometric properties and distinguishes between those with greater and lesser resilience. The scale demonstrates that resilience is modifiable and can improve with treatment, with greater improvement corresponding to higher levels of global improvement. Copyright 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations

Wayne Velicer (1976)

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A review of instruments measuring resilience.

Nancy Ahern, Ermalynn M Kiehl, Mary Lou Sole … (2015)

The objectives of the study were to evaluate the psychometric properties and appropriateness of instruments for the study of resilience in adolescents. A search was completed using the terms resilience and instruments or scales using the EBSCO database (CINAHL, PreCINAHL, and Academic Search Premier), MEDLINE, PsychINFO and PsychARTICLES, and the Internet. After instruments were identified, a second search was performed for studies reporting the psychometric development of these instruments. Using inclusion and exclusion criteria, six psychometric development of instrument studies were selected for a full review. A data extraction table was used to compare the six instruments. Two of the six instruments (Baruth Protective Factors Inventory [BPFI] and Brief-Resilient Coping Scale) lacked evidence that they were appropriate for administration with the adolescent population due to lack of research applications. Three instruments (Adolescent Resilience Scale [ARS], Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and Resilience Scale for Adults) had acceptable credibility but needed further study in adolescents. One instrument (Resilience Scale [RS]) was determined to be the best instrument to study resilience in the adolescent population due to psychometric properties of the instrument and applications in a variety of age groups, including adolescence. Findings of this review indicate that the RS is the most appropriate instrument to study resilience in the adolescent population. While other instruments have potential (e.g., ARS, BPFI) as they were tested in the adolescent and young adult populations, they lack evidence for their use at this time. An evaluation of the review and recommendations are discussed.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Shu-Fen Kuo: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Writing – original draft

Wen-Hsuan Hou: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Writing – review & editing

Chia-Chi Chang: Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing

Yuan-Mei Liao: Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing

Sue-Yueh Cheng: Role: Formal analysis

Yu-Hua Chou: Role: Formal analysis

Yueh-Chen Yeh: Role: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing

Yen-Kuang Lin:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-9508

Role: Formal analysisRole: SoftwareRole: Writing – review & editing

I-Hui Chen:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-0051

Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing

Fuschia M. Sirois: Role: Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE

Journal ID (publisher-id): plos

Journal ID (pmc): plosone

Title: PLoS ONE

Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )

ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203

Publication date (Electronic): 4 February 2019

Publication date Collection: 2019

Volume: 14

Issue: 2

Electronic Location Identifier: e0211451

Affiliations

[1 ] School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan

[2 ] Master Program in Long-term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan

[3 ] School of Gerontology Health Management, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan

[4 ] Attending Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan

[5 ] College of Interdisciplinary Studies, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan

[6 ] Research Center of Active Aging, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan

[7 ] Institute of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan

[8 ] Department of Nursing, Cardinal Tien Junior College of Healthcare and Management, Taipei City, Taiwan

[9 ] Department of Nursing, National Taichung University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan

[10 ] Research Center of Biostatistics, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan

Unviersity of Sheffield, UNITED KINGDOM

Author notes

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

* E-mail: ichen4@ 123456tmu.edu.tw

Author information

Yen-Kuang Lin http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-9508

I-Hui Chen http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-0051

Article

Publisher ID: PONE-D-18-12723

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211451

PMC ID: 6361505

PubMed ID: 30716088

SO-VID: c6b7e740-6899-4e34-84af-28c857b814c3

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

History

Date received : 27 April 2018

Date accepted : 15 January 2019

Page count

Figures: 2, Tables: 6, Pages: 16

Funding

Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004700, Taipei Medical University;

Award ID: TMU102-AE1-B38

Award Recipient : Shu-Fen Kuo

Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004663, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan;

Award ID: MOST103-2314-B-038-009

Award Recipient : Shu-Fen Kuo

Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004663, Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan;

Award ID: MOST105-2314-B-468-001

Award Recipient :

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3417-0051

I-Hui Chen

This study was supported by Taipei Medical University TMU102-AE1-B38, Shu-Fen Kuo; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan MOST103-2314-B-038-009, Shu-Fen Kuo; Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan MOST105-2314-B-468-001, Dr. I-Hui Chen. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information file.

Development and psychometric testing of the Chinese version of the Resilience Scale for Southeast Asian immigrant women who divorced in Taiwan

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Most cited references 35

Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC).

Determining the number of components from the matrix of partial correlations

A review of instruments measuring resilience.

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