Poly-γ-glutamic acid promoted maize root development by affecting auxin signaling pathway and the abundance and diversity of rhizosphere microbial community

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Abstract

Background

The root systems of higher plants play an important role in plant growth and development. In our present study, it was found that poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), an environmentally friendly biomacromolecule, significantly improved root development in maize.

Results

After treatment with γ-PGA for 7 days, the fresh weight of maize roots was significantly increased and the differences between γ-PGA treated group and control group were mainly caused by the number (higher by 71.87% compared to the control) and length of lateral roots. RNAseq and RT-PCR analyses showed that γ-PGA treatment upregulated the expression of genes related to the synthesis of auxins and auxin signal in maize roots. In addition, γ-PGA promoted the accumulation of plant growth-promoting bacteria, such as Azospirillum, Azohydromonas, Ramlibacter, and Sphingobium (Proteobacteria), Streptomyces (Actinobacteria), Parasegetibacter (Bacteroidete s), and Gemmatimonas (Gemmatimonadetes) in rhizosphere soil and the secretion of auxins. The results of this study deepened our understanding of the effects and mechanism of γ-PGA on maize root development, and as well as highlighted the possibility of using γ-PGA to improve crop growth and soil environment.

Conclusions

γ-PGA promotes early growth and development of maize roots by inducing the secretion and accumulation of auxin in roots and in rhizosphere soil, and increasing the abundance of plant growth promoting bacteria.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-022-03908-y.

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Most cited references 64

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Rhizosphere microbiome assemblage is affected by plant development.

Jacqueline M. Chaparro, Dayakar V. Badri, Jorge Vivanco (2014)

There is a concerted understanding of the ability of root exudates to influence the structure of rhizosphere microbial communities. However, our knowledge of the connection between plant development, root exudation and microbiome assemblage is limited. Here, we analyzed the structure of the rhizospheric bacterial community associated with Arabidopsis at four time points corresponding to distinct stages of plant development: seedling, vegetative, bolting and flowering. Overall, there were no significant differences in bacterial community structure, but we observed that the microbial community at the seedling stage was distinct from the other developmental time points. At a closer level, phylum such as Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Cyanobacteria and specific genera within those phyla followed distinct patterns associated with plant development and root exudation. These results suggested that the plant can select a subset of microbes at different stages of development, presumably for specific functions. Accordingly, metatranscriptomics analysis of the rhizosphere microbiome revealed that 81 unique transcripts were significantly (P<0.05) expressed at different stages of plant development. For instance, genes involved in streptomycin synthesis were significantly induced at bolting and flowering stages, presumably for disease suppression. We surmise that plants secrete blends of compounds and specific phytochemicals in the root exudates that are differentially produced at distinct stages of development to help orchestrate rhizosphere microbiome assemblage.

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Microbiota and Host Nutrition across Plant and Animal Kingdoms.

Stéphane Hacquard, Ruben Garrido-Oter, Antonio Gonzalez … (2015)

Plants and animals each have evolved specialized organs dedicated to nutrient acquisition, and these harbor specific bacterial communities that extend the host's metabolic repertoire. Similar forces driving microbial community establishment in the gut and plant roots include diet/soil-type, host genotype, and immune system as well as microbe-microbe interactions. Here we show that there is no overlap of abundant bacterial taxa between the microbiotas of the mammalian gut and plant roots, whereas taxa overlap does exist between fish gut and plant root communities. A comparison of root and gut microbiota composition in multiple host species belonging to the same evolutionary lineage reveals host phylogenetic signals in both eukaryotic kingdoms. The reasons underlying striking differences in microbiota composition in independently evolved, yet functionally related, organs in plants and animals remain unclear but might include differences in start inoculum and niche-specific factors such as oxygen levels, temperature, pH, and organic carbon availability.

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Lateral root development in Arabidopsis: fifty shades of auxin.

Julien Lavenus, Tatsuaki Goh, Ianto Roberts … (2013)

The developmental plasticity of the root system represents a key adaptive trait enabling plants to cope with abiotic stresses such as drought and is therefore important in the current context of global changes. Root branching through lateral root formation is an important component of the adaptability of the root system to its environment. Our understanding of the mechanisms controlling lateral root development has progressed tremendously in recent years through research in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). These studies have revealed that the phytohormone auxin acts as a common integrator to many endogenous and environmental signals regulating lateral root formation. Here, we review what has been learnt about the myriad roles of auxin during lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Tao Xia: txia@qlu.edu.cn

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Plant Biol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Plant Biol

Title: BMC Plant Biology

Publisher: BioMed Central (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2229

Publication date (Electronic): 10 November 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 10 November 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 22

Electronic Location Identifier: 521

Affiliations

[1 ]GRID grid.443420.5, ISNI 0000 0000 9755 8940, State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), ; Jinan, Shandong PR China

[2 ]GRID grid.443420.5, ISNI 0000 0000 9755 8940, School of Bioengineering, , Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), ; Jinan, 250353 Shandong PR China

Article

Publisher ID: 3908

DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03908-y

PMC ID: 9647955

PubMed ID: 36352394

SO-VID: c7ed75bb-2188-4696-8344-697523d6590b

License:

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

History

Date received : 3 June 2022

Date accepted : 25 October 2022

Funding

Funded by: Integration of Science and Education Program Foundation for the Talents by Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences

Award ID: No. 2018-81110268

Funded by: Shandong Natural Science Foundation

Award ID: ZR2020MC099

Custom metadata

ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany

Keywords: maize,γ-pga,auxin signaling,roots development,plant growth promoting bacteria

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Plant science & Botany

Keywords: maize, γ-pga, auxin signaling, roots development, plant growth promoting bacteria

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Poly-γ-glutamic acid promoted maize root development by affecting auxin signaling pathway and the abundance and diversity of rhizosphere microbial community

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Abstract

Background

Results

Conclusions

Supplementary Information

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Plant MYBs

Most cited references 64

Rhizosphere microbiome assemblage is affected by plant development.

Microbiota and Host Nutrition across Plant and Animal Kingdoms.

Lateral root development in Arabidopsis: fifty shades of auxin.

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Cited by 1

Most referenced authors 581