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      The association of motivation with mind wandering in trait and state levels

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          Abstract

          Mind wandering (MW) is a phenomenon in which attention drifts away from task-related thoughts toward task-unrelated thoughts. Recent studies have demonstrated that MW occurs during tasks in which participants are unmotivated. However, motivation ranges on a continuum from trait to state. We examined the association between trait-state motivation and trait-state MW. Participants (176 undergraduate students 18–24 years old; 68 male) completed three questionnaires for our trait level investigation. State level indices were measured using the experience sampling method with 104 students completing a sustained attention to response task. Through correlation analyses, we demonstrated an association between motivation and MW within the same dimension (trait and state, respectively) but found no association across dimensions in which the correlation coefficient was nearly zero. We show the significant association between motivation and MW whose novelty is especially evident in the trait level. Although the relationship between motivation and MW is substantial, trait-state dimensionality would be important for them. The state MW is a phasic phenomenon driven by a range of factors, one being state motivation. The causality and confounding factors remain to be further studied.

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          'Oops!': performance correlates of everyday attentional failures in traumatic brain injured and normal subjects.

          Insufficient attention to tasks can result in slips of action as automatic, unintended action sequences are triggered inappropriately. Such slips arise in part from deficits in sustained attention, which are particularly likely to happen following frontal lobe and white matter damage in traumatic brain injury (TBI). We present a reliable laboratory paradigm that elicits such slips of action and demonstrates high correlations between the severity of brain damage and relative-reported everyday attention failures in a group of 34 TBI patients. We also demonstrate significant correlations between self- and informant-reported everyday attentional failures and performance on this paradigm in a group of 75 normal controls. The paradigm (the Sustained Attention to Response Task-SART) involves the withholding of key presses to rare (one in nine) targets. Performance on the SART correlates significantly with performance on tests of sustained attention, but not other types of attention, supporting the view that this is indeed a measure of sustained attention. We also show that errors (false presses) on the SART can be predicted by a significant shortening of reaction times in the immediately preceding responses, supporting the view that these errors are a result of 'drift' of controlled processing into automatic responding consequent on impaired sustained attention to task. We also report a highly significant correlation of -0.58 between SART performance and Glasgow Coma Scale Scores in the TBI group.
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            Reliability, validity, and clinical correlates of apathy in Parkinson's disease.

            The authors examined a consecutive series of 50 patients for the presence of apathy, depression, anxiety, and neuropsychological deficits using a neuropsychological battery that included a recently designed apathy scale. This scale was found to be reliable and valid in the diagnosis of apathy in patients with PD. Of patients in the study, 12% showed apathy as their primary psychiatric problem, and 30% were both apathetic and depressed. Patients with apathy (with or without depression), showed significantly more deficits in both tasks of verbal memory and time-dependent tasks. Results suggest that apathy is a frequent finding in PD, is significantly associated with specific cognitive impairments, and may have a different mechanism than depression.
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              The costs and benefits of mind-wandering: a review.

              Substantial evidence suggests that mind-wandering typically occurs at a significant cost to performance. Mind-wandering-related deficits in performance have been observed in many contexts, most notably reading, tests of sustained attention, and tests of aptitude. Mind-wandering has been shown to negatively impact reading comprehension and model building, impair the ability to withhold automatized responses, and disrupt performance on tests of working memory and intelligence. These empirically identified costs of mind-wandering have led to the suggestion that mind-wandering may represent a pure failure of cognitive control and thus pose little benefit. However, emerging evidence suggests that the role of mind-wandering is not entirely pernicious. Recent studies have shown that mind-wandering may play a crucial role in both autobiographical planning and creative problem solving, thus providing at least two possible adaptive functions of the phenomenon. This article reviews these observed costs and possible functions of mind-wandering and identifies important avenues of future inquiry.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                13 August 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 8
                : e0237461
                Affiliations
                [1 ] College of Contemporary Psychology, Rikkyo University, Niiza city, Saitama, Japan
                [2 ] Faculty of Psychology, Otemon Gakuin University, Ibaraki city, Osaka, Japan
                [3 ] Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, Izumo city, Shimane, Japan
                University of Zurich, SWITZERLAND
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9342-8983
                Article
                PONE-D-20-10065
                10.1371/journal.pone.0237461
                7425929
                32790726
                c80711b6-68bf-4a4b-8255-51937dcafe8b
                © 2020 Kawagoe et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 8 April 2020
                : 27 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Pages: 9
                Funding
                Funded by: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP)
                Award ID: 19K14481
                Award Recipient :
                Preparation of this manuscript was supported by Grant 19K14481 from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (KAKENHI) to TK. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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                Data cannot be shared publicly because of the ethical policy because we did not explicitly denote that the data will be openly available in publication during informed consent. However, data are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The institutional point of contact for this study is Faculty Ethical Committee of contemporary psychology in Rikkyo University. Contact information (Email address) is ccp-rinri@ 123456ml.rikkyo.ac.jp .

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