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      Infant-directed speech in Brazilian Portuguese: The prosody of questions Translated title: Fala dirigida à criança em português brasileiro: A prosódia de perguntas

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Infant-directed speech (IDS) is the register commonly used in infant-adult interactions in many linguistic communities, and presents a number of special lexical, syntactic and prosodic particularities when compared to adult speech, such as words with syllable reduplication, high question rate and exaggerated prosody. In this study, we focus on interrogatives and their prosodic properties as the object of investigation. Data analysis of interactions of ten Brazilian Portuguese-acquiring infants aged 4 to 12 months and their caregivers, revealed that questions corresponded to 33% of the total utterances produced and are emphasized mainly by marked pitch (raised pitch range and expanded pitch span), as well as increased duration. Moreover, the pitch contours of Wh and Yes/No questions followed their respective patterns observed in adult speech. These results are compatible with those found in the literature and indicate that, in general, the IDS used in Brazilian Portuguese has similar characteristics to this register in other languages.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO A fala dirigida à criança (FDC) é o registro comumente usado nas interações bebê-adulto em muitas comunidades linguísticas, e apresenta uma série de particularidades lexicais, sintáticas e prosódicas quando comparada à fala entre adultos, tais como palavras com reduplicação de sílabas, alta taxa de perguntas e prosódia exagerada. Neste estudo, elegemos como objeto de investigação as interrogativas e suas propriedades prosódicas. A análise de dados de interações de dez bebês de 4 a 12 meses adquirindo o português brasileiro e seus cuidadores revelou que as perguntas corresponderam a 33% do total de enunciados produzidos e são realçadas principalmente pelo pitch marcado (maior pitch range e pitch span), e maior duração. Ainda, os contornos de pitch das perguntas Qu e Sim/Não (perguntas totais) seguem seus respectivos padrões observados na fala adulta. Esses resultados são compatíveis com os encontrados na literatura e apontam que, de modo geral, A FDC usada no português brasileiro apresenta características semelhantes a esse registro em outras línguas.

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          Preference for infant-directed speech in the first month after birth.

          2 experiments examined behavioral preferences for infant-directed (ID) speech over adult-directed (AD) speech in young infants. Using a modification of the visual-fixation-based auditory-preference procedure, Experiments 1 and 2 examined whether 12 1-month-old and 16 2-day-old infants looked longer at a visual stimulus when looking produced ID as opposed to AD speech. The results showed that both 1-month-olds and newborns preferred ID over AD speech. Although the absolute magnitude of the ID speech preference was significantly greater, with the older infants showing longer looking durations than the younger infants, subsequent analyses showed no significant difference in the relative magnitude of this effect. Differences in overall looking times between the 2 groups apparently reflect task variables rather than differences in speech processing. These results suggest that infants' preference for the exaggerated prosodic features of ID speech is present from birth and may not depend on any specific postnatal experience. However, the possible role of prenatal auditory experience with speech is considered.
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            A cross-language study of prosodic modifications in mothers' and fathers' speech to preverbal infants.

            This study compares the prosodic modifications in mothers' and fathers' speech to preverbal infants in French, Italian, German, Japanese, British English, and American English. At every stage of data collection and analysis, standardized procedures were used to enhance the comparability across data sets that is essential for valid cross-language comparison of the prosodic features of parental speech. In each of the six language groups, five mothers and five fathers were recorded in semi-structured home observations while speaking to their infant aged 0;10-1;2 and to an adult. Speech samples were instrumentally analysed to measure seven prosodic parameters: mean fundamental frequency (f0), f0-minimum, f0-maximum, f0-range, f0-variability, utterance duration, and pause duration. Results showed cross-language consistency in the patterns of prosodic modification used in parental speech to infants. Across languages, both mothers and fathers used higher mean-f0, f0-minimum, and f0-maximum, greater f0-variability, shorter utterances, and longer pauses in infant-directed speech than in adult-directed speech. Mothers, but not fathers, used a wider f0-range in speech to infants. American English parents showed the most extreme prosodic modifications, differing from the other language groups in the extent of intonational exaggeration in speech to infants. These results reveal common patterns in caretaker's use of intonation across languages, which may function developmentally to regulate infant arousal and attention, to communicate affect, and to facilitate speech perception and language comprehension. In addition to providing evidence for possibly universal prosodic features of speech to infants, these results suggest that language-specific variations are also important, and that the findings of the numerous studies of early language input based on American English are not necessarily generalisable to other cultures.
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              Acoustic determinants of infant preference for motherese speech

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                delta
                DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada
                DELTA
                Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo - PUC-SP (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0102-4450
                1678-460X
                2022
                : 38
                : 3
                : 202258879
                Affiliations
                [3] Vancouver British Columbia orgnameSimon Fraser University Canada
                [2] Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Brazil juan_sosa@ 123456sfu.ca
                [1] Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais orgnameUniversidade Federal de Juiz de Fora Brazil cristina.name@ 123456ufjf.br
                Article
                S0102-44502022000300401 S0102-4450(22)03800300401
                10.1590/1678-460x202258879
                c859cb6b-2258-4a7a-85a0-1bec92adbd01

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 March 2022
                : 16 December 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 72, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Brazil

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                português brasileiro,entoação,prosódia de perguntas,fala dirigida à criança,Brazilian Portuguese,intonation,prosody of questions,infant-directed speech

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