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      Diffuse panbronchiolitis: an underdiagnosed disease? Study of 4 cases in Brazil Translated title: Panbronquiolite difusa: uma doença subdiagnosticada? Estudo de quatro casos no Brasil

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          Abstract

          BACKGROUND: Diffuse panbronchiolitis is a clinical pathologic condition characterized by chronic inflammation of respiratory bronchioles, with clinical features that position it as a differential diagnosis among the sinopulmonary syndromes. METHODS AND RESULTS: We present 4 cases (1 Black, 2 Japanese descendants, and 1 Japanese), living in Brazil, in which the diagnosis was made by the clinical and radiological features and confirmed by transbronchial biopsy. The clinical findings included chronic sinusitis, productive cough, rhonchi, and wheezes. The pulmonary function tests showed an obstructive pattern. High resolution computerized tomography showed a diffuse nodular pattern, airway ectasia, and airway wall thickening. The biopsy showed interstitial accumulation of foam cells and lymphoid cells in the walls of respiratory bronchioles: 2 of our cases had bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue hyperplasia. We searched for the HLA Bw54 in all of our patients, but only 1 was positive. A low dose macrolide treatment was introduced, resulting in with clinical and functional improvement. A score that rated the extent of nodules, airway ectasia, mucus plugging, and airway wall thickening was applied on pre- and post-treatment High resolution computerized tomography results, revealing an improvement in tomographic pattern related to that observed in the pulmonary function tests. CONCLUSION: We conclude that diffuse panbronchiolitis is a systemic disease that is not exclusive to the Asian population, whose clinical and radiological features should be better known by occidental pulmonary physicians.

          Translated abstract

          INTRODUÇÃO: A Panbronquiolite Difusa é uma entidade clínico-patológica caracterizada pela inflamação crônica dos bronquíolos respiratórios e que, clinicamente, apresenta-se como diagnóstico diferencial das síndromes sino-pulmonares. MÉTODOS E RESULTADOS: Apresentamos 4 casos (um negro, dois descendentes de japoneses e um japonês), que moram no Brasil, nos quais a suspeita diagnóstica se baseou nos aspectos clínicos e radiológicos e foi confirmada através da biópsia transbrônquica. As principais características clínicas eram sinusite crônica, tosse produtiva, além da presença de roncos e sibilos. Os testes de função pulmonar evidenciaram um padrão obstrutivo. A tomografia de tórax de alta resolução demonstrou um padrão nodular difuso, além de ectasia e espessamento das paredes das vias aéreas. O exame histológico evidenciou acúmulo intersticial de macrófagos xantomatosos e infiltração de linfócitos na região dos bronquíolos respiratórios, sendo que 2 de nossos casos ainda apresentaram hiperplasia de tecido linfocitário associado aos brônquios. Investigamos a presença do HLA Bw54 nos quatro casos, sendo apenas um positivo. Após o diagnóstico, instituiu-se o tratamento com macrolídeos em dose baixa, tendo como resultado melhora clínica e funcional. Um escore que avalia a extensão do padrão nodular, a ectasia e o espessamento das vias aéreas e ainda o grau de impactação mucóide visíveis à tomografia foi utilizado pré e pós tratamento evidenciando uma melhora compatível com a observada à função pulmonar. CONCLUSÃO: Concluímos que a Panbronquiolite Difusa é uma doença sistêmica, não exclusiva da população oriental, cujas características clínicas e radiológicas devem ser melhor conhecidas pelos médicos ocidentais.

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          Central Nervous System Trauma Status Report

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            Erythromycin inhibits respiratory glycoconjugate secretion from human airways in vitro.

            Erythromycin and other antibiotics have been used empirically in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We studied whether this empirical role of antibiotics might not be related to a possible direct effect on respiratory glycoconjugate (RGC) secretion. The effect of erythromycin on RGC secretion and hypersecretion was studied in an in vitro preparation of human airways that were secreting [3H]glucosamine respiratory glycoconjugate (RGC), and on a human endometrial adenocarcinoma cell line secreting a glycoconjugate (tumor glycoconjugate = TGC) chemically similar to the RGC secreted by the airways. Erythromycin at 10(-5) M reduced RGC secretion by 35 +/- 4% (n = 9, p less than 0.001) in both human airways and the adenocarcinoma cells, and was increasingly active in the pharmacologic range of 10(-7) to 10(-4) M. The inhibitory effect of erythromycin was maximal within 16 h and was still evident 34 h after incubation. Erythromycin was noted to reduce both spontaneous (baseline) and stimulated RGC secretion (by histamine and methacholine) from airways in culture. The blocking effect appeared to be more selective for histamine than methacholine. These effects were not associated with any toxicity to the tissues and were not associated with the inhibition of protein synthesis. Dexamethasone also inhibited RGC release in both assay systems and exhibited dose-related effects in the physiologic ranges (10(-9) to 10(-5) M). When administered together, erythromycin and dexamethasone had an additive inhibitory effect on RGC secretion (68.0 +/- 3.0%, n = 7, p less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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              Diffuse panbronchiolitis in rheumatoid arthritis.

              The association of progressive obliterative bronchiolitis (OB) with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is uncommon but has been reported previously. Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) is a unique inflammation principally affecting the respiratory bronchioli and has been reported mainly in Japanese adults. Recently, DPB has also been noted in patients with RA in Japan. Therefore, there might be considerable overlap in clinical features between DPB and OB associated with RA in Japan. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinicopathological characteristics of bronchiolitis in patients with RA. Three RA patients clinically diagnosed as having DPB were evaluated. All patients underwent chest radiographs, pulmonary function tests (PFT) and post mortem examination. Clinical features in all patients were a history of productive cough, exertional dyspnoea, wheezing and/or coarse crackles. Chest radiographs showed small nodular shadows up to 2 mm in diameter with bronchiolectasis throughout both lungs in all patients. The PFT revealed marked obstructive impairment in all patients. All patients died of progressive respiratory failure. Pathologically, two out of the three cases were confirmed as DPB, while the remaining one case was confirmed as OB, because the primary obstructive lesions were in the respiratory bronchioli in the former and in the membranous bronchioli and the proximal small bronchi in the latter. Thus, the clinical features of DPB and OB were strikingly similar, but the histopathological features revealed distinct differences. This study demonstrated that there was considerable overlap in clinical features between diffuse panbronchiolitis and obliterative bronchiolitis associated with rheumatoid arthritis, suggesting that diffuse panbronchiolitis might be a new manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis. The differentiation of these two disease entities is significant in making decisions on their therapeutic modality and is possible by analysing the precise histopathological findings of the lung.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rhc
                Revista do Hospital das Clínicas
                Rev. Hosp. Clin.
                Faculdade de Medicina / Universidade de São Paulo - FM/USP (São Paulo )
                1678-9903
                August 2002
                : 57
                : 4
                : 167-174
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0041-87812002000400007
                10.1590/S0041-87812002000400007
                c8c5d71a-da05-4b47-9a38-c687fdb16c4c

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0041-8781&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Diffuse Panbronchiolitis,Bronchiolitis,Sinopulmonary syndromes,Interstitial lung disease,Bronchiolectasis,Panbronquiolite Difusa,Bronquiolite,Síndrome Sino-Pulmonar,Doença Intersticial Pulmonar,Bronquiolectasia

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