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      The Effect of the Lunar Cycle on Fecal Cortisol Metabolite Levels and Foraging Ecology of Nocturnally and Diurnally Active Spiny Mice

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          Abstract

          We studied stress hormones and foraging of nocturnal Acomys cahirinus and diurnal A. russatus in field populations as well as in two field enclosures populated by both species and two field enclosures with individuals of A. russatus alone. When alone, A. russatus individuals become also nocturnally active. We asked whether nocturnally active A. russatus will respond to moon phase and whether this response will be obtained also in diurnally active individuals. We studied giving-up densities (GUDs) in artificial foraging patches and fecal cortisol metabolite levels. Both species exhibited elevated fecal cortisol metabolite levels and foraged to higher GUDs in full moon nights; thus A. russatus retains physiological response and behavioral patterns that correlate with full moon conditions, as can be expected in nocturnal rodents, in spite of its diurnal activity. The endocrinological and behavioral response of this diurnal species to moon phase reflects its evolutionary heritage.

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          The Ethology of Predation

          Eberhard Curio (1976)
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            The influence of stress hormones on fear circuitry.

            Sarina Rodrigues, Joseph E. LeDoux, Robert Sapolsky (2009)
            Fear arousal, initiated by an environmental threat, leads to activation of the stress response, a state of alarm that promotes an array of autonomic and endocrine changes designed to aid self-preservation. The stress response includes the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex and catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves. These stress hormones, in turn, provide feedback to the brain and influence neural structures that control emotion and cognition. To illustrate this influence, we focus on how it impacts fear conditioning, a behavioral paradigm widely used to study the neural mechanisms underlying the acquisition, expression, consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction of emotional memories. We also discuss how stress and the endocrine mediators of the stress response influence the morphological and electrophysiological properties of neurons in brain areas that are crucial for fear-conditioning processes, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. The information in this review illuminates the behavioral and cellular events that underlie the feedforward and feedback networks that mediate states of fear and stress and their interaction in the brain.
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              Human responses to the geophysical daily, annual and lunar cycles.

              Till Roenneberg, Diana Foster (2008)
              Collectively the daily, seasonal, lunar and tidal geophysical cycles regulate much of the temporal biology of life on Earth. The increasing isolation of human societies from these geophysical cycles, as a result of improved living conditions, high-quality nutrition and 24/7 working practices, have led many to believe that human biology functions independently of them. Yet recent studies have highlighted the dominant role that our circadian clock plays in the organisation of 24 hour patterns of behaviour and physiology. Preferred wake and sleep times are to a large extent driven by an endogenous temporal program that uses sunlight as an entraining cue. The alarm clock can drive human activity rhythms but has little direct effect on our endogenous 24 hour physiology. In many situations, our biology and our society appear to be in serious opposition, and the damaging consequences to our health under these circumstances are increasingly recognised. The seasons dominate the lives of non-equatorial species, and until recently, they also had a marked influence on much of human biology. Despite human isolation from seasonal changes in temperature, food and photoperiod in the industrialised nations, the seasons still appear to have a small, but significant, impact upon when individuals are born and many aspects of health. The seasonal changes that modulate our biology, and how these factors might interact with the social and metabolic status of the individual to drive seasonal effects, are still poorly understood. Lunar cycles had, and continue to have, an influence upon human culture, though despite a persistent belief that our mental health and other behaviours are modulated by the phase of the moon, there is no solid evidence that human biology is in any way regulated by the lunar cycle.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 August 2011
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: e23446
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
                Vanderbilt University, United States of America
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: TD NK-S. Performed the experiments: RG IS. Analyzed the data: RG TD IS OL NK-S. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: OL. Wrote the paper: TD NK-S.

                [¤]

                Current address: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Galilee, Israel

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-10-06122
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023446
                PMC ID: 3150436
                PubMed ID: 21829733
                SO-VID: c9c4e510-6943-4b8e-9fff-ad7cd6a37a98
                Copyright © Gutman et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                Date received : 2 December 2010
                Date accepted : 18 July 2011
                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Agriculture
                Subject: Animal Management
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Biology
                Subject: Anatomy and Physiology
                Subject: Endocrine System
                Subject: Endocrine Physiology
                Subject: Hormones
                Subject: Physiological Processes
                Subject: Chronobiology
                Subject: Ecology
                Subject: Community Ecology
                Subject: Species Interactions
                Subject: Behavioral Ecology
                Subject: Population Ecology
                Subject: Evolutionary Biology
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Model Organisms
                Subject: Animal Models
                Subject: Mouse
                Subject: Population Biology
                Subject: Population Dynamics
                Subject: Predator-Prey Dynamics
                Subject: Zoology
                Subject: Animal Behavior
                Subject: Animal Physiology
                Subject: Mammalogy
                Subject: Veterinary Science
                Subject: Animal Management
                Subject: Animal Behavior

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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