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      Solid-phase partitioning and release-retention mechanisms of copper, lead, zinc and arsenic in soils impacted by artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) activities

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          Abstract

          Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) operations are major contributors to the Philippines’ annual gold (Au) output (at least 60%). Unfortunately, these ASGM activities lacked adequate tailings management strategies, so contamination of the environment is prevalent. In this study, soil contamination with copper (Cu), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) in Nabunturan, Davao de Oro, Philippines due to ASGM activities was investigated. The results showed that ASGM-impacted soils had Cu, Pb, Zn and As up to 3.6, 83, 73 and 68 times higher than background levels, respectively and were classified as ‘extremely’ polluted (CD = 30–228; PLI = 5.5–34.8). Minerals typically found in porphyry copper-gold ores like pyrite, chalcopyrite, malachite, galena, sphalerite and goethite were identified by XRD and SEM-EDS analyses. Furthermore, sequential extraction results indicate substantial Cu (up to 90%), Pb (up to 50%), Zn (up to 65%) and As (up to 48%) were partitioned with strongly adsorbed, weak acid soluble, reducible and oxidisable fractions considered as ‘geochemically mobile’ phases in the environment. Although very high Pb and Zn were found in ASGM-impacted soils, they were relatively immobile under oxidising conditions around pH 8.5 because of their retention via adsorption to hydrous ferric oxides (HFOs), montmorillonite and kaolinite. In contrast, Cu and As release from the historic ASGM site samples exceeded the environmental limits for Class A and Class C effluents, which could be attributed to the removal of calcite and dolomite by weathering. The enhanced desorption of As at around pH 8.5 also likely contributed to its release from these soils.

          Highlights

          • •

            ASGM-impacted soils from Davao de Oro, Philippines were evaluated.

          • •

            ASGM-impacted soils were highly contaminated with As, Pb and Zn.

          • •

            Cu, Pb, Zn and As in the contaminated soil came from sulphide minerals.

          • •

            Pb and Zn were strongly retained in the soils via adsorption to HFOs and clays.

          • •

            Cu and As release from the historic ASGM site exceeded environmental standards.

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          Arsenic toxicity and potential mechanisms of action.

          Michael Hughes (2002)
          Exposure to the metalloid arsenic is a daily occurrence because of its environmental pervasiveness. Arsenic, which is found in several different chemical forms and oxidation states, causes acute and chronic adverse health effects, including cancer. The metabolism of arsenic has an important role in its toxicity. The metabolism involves reduction to a trivalent state and oxidative methylation to a pentavalent state. The trivalent arsenicals, including those methylated, have more potent toxic properties than the pentavalent arsenicals. The exact mechanism of the action of arsenic is not known, but several hypotheses have been proposed. At a biochemical level, inorganic arsenic in the pentavalent state may replace phosphate in several reactions. In the trivalent state, inorganic and organic (methylated) arsenic may react with critical thiols in proteins and inhibit their activity. Regarding cancer, potential mechanisms include genotoxicity, altered DNA methylation, oxidative stress, altered cell proliferation, co-carcinogenesis, and tumor promotion. A better understanding of the mechanism(s) of action of arsenic will make a more confident determination of the risks associated with exposure to this chemical.
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            Lead poisoning.

            Herbert Needleman (2004)
            Understanding of lead toxicity has advanced substantially over the past three decades, and focus has shifted from high-dose effects in clinically symptomatic individuals to the consequences of exposure at lower doses that cause no symptoms, particularly in children and fetuses. The availability of more sensitive analytic methods has made it possible to measure lead at much lower concentrations. This advance, along with more refined epidemiological techniques and better outcome measures, has lowered the least observable effect level until it approaches zero. As a consequence, the segment of the population who are diagnosed with exposure to toxic levels has expanded. At the same time, environmental efforts, most importantly the removal of lead from gasoline, have dramatically reduced the amount of lead in the biosphere. The remaining major source of lead is older housing stock. Although the cost of lead paint abatement is measured in billions of dollars, the monetized benefits of such a Herculean task have been shown to far outweigh the costs.
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              Mechanism of arsenic release to groundwater, Bangladesh and West Bengal

              R.T. Nickson, J.M McArthur, P Ravenscroft … (2000)
              Article 0 comments Cited 128 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Carlito Baltazar Tabelin
                Mylah Villacorte-Tabelin
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Chemosphere
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Chemosphere
                Title: Chemosphere
                Publisher: Elsevier Ltd.
                ISSN (Print): 0045-6535
                ISSN (Electronic): 1879-1298
                Publication date PMC-release: 10 July 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 July 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 127574
                Affiliations
                [a ]School of Minerals and Energy Resources Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
                [b ]Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
                [c ]Developmental Biology Laboratory, PRISM, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
                [d ]Department of Materials and Resources Engineering and Technology, College of Engineering, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
                [e ]Geo-environmental Engineering Research Group, Civil Engineering Department, Central Mindanao University, Bukidnon, Philippines
                [f ]Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
                [g ]Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. , (CB Tabelin). c.tabelin@ 123456unsw.edu.au carlito.tabelin@ 123456gmail.com
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. Developmental Biology Laboratory, PRISM, Mindanao State University-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines., (M Villacorte-Tabelin). mylah.tabelin@ 123456g.msuiit.edu.ph mylahv@ 123456gmail.com
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: S0045-6535(20)31769-0 Publisher ID: 127574
                DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127574
                PMC ID: 7351430
                SO-VID: cb057231-0383-4b7e-84bc-b4645c3b2d43
                Copyright © © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 27 April 2020
                Date revision received : 23 June 2020
                Date accepted : 29 June 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: artisanal and small-scale gold mining (asgm),soil contamination,pyrite,arsenic,heavy metals,release-retention
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: General environmental science
                Keywords: artisanal and small-scale gold mining (asgm), soil contamination, pyrite, arsenic, heavy metals, release-retention

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