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      Prognostic value of quantitative immune alterations in melanoma patients Translated title: Valor pronóstico de las alteraciones inmunológicas cuantitativas en los pacientes con melanoma

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          Abstract

          Purpose: The immune response is altered in patients with neoplasms. Immunosuppression has important consequences in patients with melanoma. The aim of this study was to assess quantitative immune alterations in melanoma patients.. Material and methods: We obtained a peripheral blood sample in EDTA from 86 melanoma patients (63 of them disease-free and 23 with distant disease). Total leukocytes and lymphocytes, B lymphocytes (CD19), types CD3, CD4, CD8 lymphocytes, and NK lymphocytes (CD56) were counted by determining the surface markers by flow cytometry, using a Coulter Epics Elite (Coulter Corp.). IgA, IgG, IgE and IgM were assayed by nephelometric methods employing a Hyland PDQ laser nephelometer. Results: We found significant differences between disease-free patients and those with active disease with regard to lymphocytes total count (median: 2251.57 vs. 1783.04/mm³, p=0.010), NK lymphocytes (CD56) (149.54 vs. 115.2/mm³, p=0.016), and IgA levels (241.59 vs. 300.55 mg/dl, p=0.044), when taken as continuous variables. When considering each parameter as a discontinuous variable, only changes in absolute lymphocyte count retained an statistical difference depending on the presence or absence of active disease, 73.9% of the patients with active metastatic disease having a lymphocyte count below 2000 cells/mm³ versus only 36.5% of the disease-free patients (c2 Pearson=9.476, df=1, p=0.002). The median survival for the 46 patients with absolute lymphocyte count above 2000 cells/mm³ was 965 days (DF=65.03, IC 95%=792.72-1090.30) versus 441 days (DF=75.61, IC 95%=292.81-589.19) for the 40 patients with absolute lymphocyte count below 2000 cells/mm3 (log rank=4.54, df=1, p=0.0331). Conclusions: There are significant differences in some lymphocyte populations and IgA levels between patients with metastases and disease-free patients. Melanoma patients with absolute lymphocyte levels above 2000 cells/mm3 have a longer survival than those with a lymphocyte count below 2000 cells/mm³.

          Translated abstract

          Introducción y objetivos: Los pacientes con cáncer presentan una alteración de la respuesta inmune. La inmunosupresión en melanoma, juega un papel importante. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar las alteraciones cueantitativas de la inmunidad en pacienets con melanoma. Pacientes y métodos: Se obtuvieron muestras de sangre periférica en EDTA de 86 pacientes con melanoma (63 pacientes libres de enfermedad y 23 pacientes con metástasis a distancia). Los niveles de leucocitos totales, linfocitos totales, linfocitos CD3, linfocitos CD4, linfocitos CD8, linfocitos B (CD19) y linfocitos NK (CD56) fueron valorados mediante marcadores de superficie por citometría de flujo usando un Coulter Epics Elite (Coulter Corp). Los niveles de IgA, IgG, IgE e IgM fueron valorados por nefelometría usando un nefelómetro Hyland PDQ laser. Resultados: Hubo diferencias significativas entre pacienets metastásicos y pacientes libres de enfermedad en los niveles de linfocitos totales (mediana: 2251.57 vs 1783.04/mm³, p=.001), linfocitos B (CD19) (216.1 vs 108.36/mm³, p=.010), linfocitos NK (CD56) (149.54 vs 115.2/mm³, p=.016) y niveles de IgA (241.59 vs 300.55 mg dL, p=.044) al considerarlas como variables continuas. Al considerar cada parámetro de estudio como una variable cualitativa, sólo se observaron diferencias significativas en los niveles totales de linfocitos, existiendo un 73.9% d elos pacientes con enfermedad a distancia niveles d elinfocitos por debajo de 2000 células/mm³ frente a un 36.5% de pacienets libres de enfermedad (χ2 Pearson = 9.476, df = 1, p = .002). La mediana de supervivencia para 46 pacientes con niveles totales de linfocitos por encima de 2000 células/mm³ fue de 965 días (DF= 65.03, IC 95% = 792.72 - 1090.30) frente a 441 días (DF= 75.61, IC 95% = 292.81 - 589.19) para 40 pacientes con niveles totales de linfocitos 2000 células / mm3 (log rank = 4.54, df=1, p= .0331). Conclusiones: Existen diferencias significativas en los niveles de algunas subpoblaciones linfocitarias y en los niveles de IgA entre pacienets metastásicos y pacienets libres de enfermedad. Los pacientes con melanoma con niveles de linfocitos totales por encima de 2000 cells/mm3 tiene una mayor supervivencia que aquellos con niveles por debajo de 2000 cells/mm³.

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          Model predicting survival in stage I melanoma based on tumor progression.

          We used the lesional steps in tumor progression and multivariable logistic regression to develop a prognostic model for primary, clinical stage I cutaneous melanoma. This model is 89% accurate in predicting survival. Using histologic criteria, we assigned melanomas to tumor progression steps by ascertaining their particular growth phase. These phases were the in situ and invasive radial growth phase and the vertical growth phase (the focal formation of a dermal tumor nodule or dermal tumor plaque within the radial growth phase or such dermal growth without an evident radial growth phase). After a minimum follow-up of 100.6 months and a median follow-up of 150.2 months, 122 invasive radial-growth-phase tumors were found to be without metastases. Eight-year survival among the 264 patients whose tumors had entered the vertical growth phase was 71.2%. Survival prediction in these patients was enhanced by the use of a multivariable logistic regression model. Twenty-three attributes were tested for entry into this model. Six had independently predictive prognostic information: (a) mitotic rate per square millimeter, (b) tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, (c) tumor thickness, (d) anatomic site of primary melanoma, (e) sex of the patient, and (f) histologic regression. When mitotic rate per square millimeter, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, primary site, sex, and histologic regression are added to a logistic regression model containing tumor thickness alone, they are independent predictors of 8-year survival (P less than .0005).
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            Induction of antigen-specific T cell anergy: An early event in the course of tumor progression.

            The priming of tumor-antigen-specific T cells is critical for the initiation of successful anti-tumor immune responses, yet the fate of such cells during tumor progression is unknown. Naive CD4(+) T cells specific for an antigen expressed by tumor cells were transferred into tumor-bearing mice. Transient clonal expansion occurred early after transfer, accompanied by phenotypic changes associated with antigen recognition. Nevertheless, these cells had a diminished response to peptide antigen in vitro and were unable to be primed in vivo. The development of antigen-specific T cell anergy is an early event in the tumor-bearing host, and it suggests that tolerance to tumor antigens may impose a significant barrier to therapeutic vaccination.
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              Factors associated with response to high-dose interleukin-2 in patients with metastatic melanoma.

              The present study attempted to identify characteristics that correlated with clinical response to interleukin (IL)-2 therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma. We retrospectively evaluated laboratory and clinical characteristics of 374 consecutive patients with metastatic melanoma treated with high-dose intravenous bolus IL-2 (720,000 IU/kg) from July 1, 1988, to December 31, 1999, at the Surgery Branch of the National Cancer Institute. The overall objective response rate was 15.5%. Pretreatment parameters such as patient demographics, laboratory values, and prior therapy did not correlate with response; however, 53.6% of patients with only subcutaneous and/or cutaneous metastases responded, compared with 12.4% of patients with disease at other sites (P2 =.000001). During therapy, patients who were responders tended to have received more doses during course 1 (16.2 +/- 0.3 doses v 14.5 +/- 0.2 doses; P2 =.0095); however, when limited to patients who were able to complete both cycles of course 1, there was no statistically significant difference (P2 =.27). Responders had a higher maximum lymphocyte count immediately after therapy compared with nonresponders (P2 =.0026). The development of abnormal thyroid function tests and vitiligo after therapy was associated with response (thyroid-stimulating hormone, P2 =.01; free T4, P2 =.0049; vitiligo, P2 < 10(-6)), although thyroid dysfunction may have been related more to the length of IL-2 therapy than to response. The presence of metastases only to subcutaneous and/or cutaneous sites, lymphocytosis immediately after treatment, and long-term immunologic side effects, especially vitiligo, were associated with antitumor response to IL-2 therapy.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
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                Journal
                onco
                Oncología (Barcelona)
                Oncología (Barc.)
                Alpe Editores, S.A. (, , Spain )
                0378-4835
                January 2006
                : 29
                : 1
                : 30-37
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversity Hospital Zaragoza orgdiv1Division of Medical Oncology Spain
                [02] orgnameUniversity Hospital Zaragoza orgdiv1Division of Immunology
                Article
                S0378-48352006000100004
                10.4321/s0378-48352006000100004
                cb451d99-e558-4aaf-97ed-2a03079bad8f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 July 2005
                : 11 November 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Melanoma,Disfunción inmune,Linfocitos totales,Linfocito B (CD19),Linfocito NK (CD56),Inmunoglobulina IgA,Immune dysfunction,Total lymphocyte count,B lymphocyte (CD19),NK lymphocyte (CD56),IgA immunoglobulin

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