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      Screening von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit hochfunktionaler Autismus-Spektrum-Störung anhand ausgewählter Items des ADI-R

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          Abstract

          Fragestellung: Zum Screening von Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen (ASS) stehen verschiedene Fragebogenverfahren zur Verfügung. Leider zeigen neuere Studien, dass diese Verfahren zwar tatsächlich in der Lage sind, betroffene Personen mit ASS zu identifizieren, aber bezüglich der differentialdiagnostischen Abgrenzung zu anderen komplexen Störungsbildern (z. B. Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung [ADHS], emotionale Störungen, Persönlichkeitsstörungen), insbesondere bei Personen ohne deutliche kognitive Beeinträchtigung, Probleme aufweisen (niedrige Spezifität). Methodik: In der vorliegenden Studie wurde an einer großen Inanspruchnahme-Stichprobe aus 309 Patienten (153 mit ASS, 156 mit sonstigen psychischen Störungen, IQ > 70) geprüft, inwiefern ausgewählte Items des ADI-R im Screening-Prozess von hochfunktionalen ASS eingesetzt werden können. Ergebnisse: Bei einem Cut-off von 5 zeigte sich eine hohe Sensitivität (0.93), bei einem Cut-off von 6 eine gute Spezifität (0.74). Dieses Ergebnis blieb für verschiedene Untergruppen (Einteilung nach Diagnose/Alter/IQ/Geschlecht) stabil. Schlussfolgerung: Insgesamt hat sich gezeigt, dass acht Interviewfragen des ADI-R dazu dienen können, Kinder und Jugendliche mit hochfunktionaler ASS von solchen mit anderen psychischen Störungen zu unterscheiden. Die Kombination aus früh beginnenden, ausgeprägten Auffälligkeiten im sozialen Kontakt mit stereotypen oder zwanghaft-ritualisierten Verhalten oder Interessen kann anhand weniger Fragen zu Screening-Zwecken ermittelt werden. Jedoch ist im weiteren Verlauf eine ausführliche und spezifische weitere kinder- und jugendpsychiatrische Diagnostik notwendig.

          Screening interview for early detection of high-functioning autism spectrum disorders

          Objective: Various different questionnaires are available for the screening of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). These screening instruments show high sensitivity and are able to identify a large number of individuals with ASD, but they lack the specificity to differentiate individuals with ASD from those children and adolescents with other complex neurobehavioural disorders (such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, emotional disorders, and others), especially for those without intellectual disabilities. Method: The present study evaluates the data of 309 individuals (153 with high-functioning ASD, 156 with other psychiatric disorders, IQ > 70) to find out whether selected items of the ADI-R can be used for an economic and sensitive screening of high-functioning ASD. Results: The results show that 8 items of the ADI-R can be used to discriminate high-functioning ASD and other psychiatric disorders. A cutoff of 5 led to a sensitivity of 0.93 and a cutoff of 6 to a specificity of 0.74. Conclusion: The combination of early onset, serious abnormalities in social contact with stereotyped or compulsive-ritualized behaviour or interests can be detected with few interview questions for screening of ASD. Nevertheless, a more detailed and specific assessment in an expert setting should follow the screening process.

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          Most cited references40

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          Autism from 2 to 9 years of age.

          Autism represents an unusual pattern of development beginning in the infant and toddler years. To examine the stability of autism spectrum diagnoses made at ages 2 through 9 years and identify features that predicted later diagnosis. Prospective study of diagnostic classifications from standardized instruments including a parent interview (Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised [ADI-R]), an observational scale (Pre-Linguistic Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule/Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule [ADOS]), and independent clinical diagnoses made at ages 2 and 9 years compared with a clinical research team's criterion standard diagnoses. Three inception cohorts: consecutive referrals for autism assessment to (1) state-funded community autism centers, (2) a private university autism clinic, and (3) case controls with developmental delay from community clinics. At 2 years of age, 192 autism referrals and 22 developmentally delayed case controls; 172 children seen at 9 years of age. Consensus best-estimate diagnoses at 9 years of age. Percentage agreement between best-estimate diagnoses at 2 and 9 years of age was 67, with a weighted kappa of 0.72. Diagnostic change was primarily accounted for by movement from pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified to autism. Each measure at age 2 years was strongly prognostic for autism at age 9 years, with odds ratios of 6.6 for parent interview, 6.8 for observation, and 12.8 for clinical judgment. Once verbal IQ (P = .001) was taken into account at age 2 years, the ADI-R repetitive domain (P = .02) and the ADOS social (P = .05) and repetitive domains (P = .005) significantly predicted autism at age 9 years. Diagnostic stability at age 9 years was very high for autism at age 2 years and less strong for pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. Judgment of experienced clinicians, trained on standard instruments, consistently added to information available from parent interview and standardized observation.
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            ADHD and autism: differential diagnosis or overlapping traits? A selective review.

            According to DSM-IV TR and ICD-10, a diagnosis of autism or Asperger Syndrome precludes a diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, despite the different conceptualization, population-based twin studies reported symptom overlap, and a recent epidemiologically based study reported a high rate of ADHD in autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In the planned revision of the DSM-IV TR, dsm5 (www.dsm5.org), the diagnoses of autistic disorder and ADHD will not be mutually exclusive any longer. This provides the basis of more differentiated studies on overlap and distinction between both disorders. This review presents data on comorbidity rates and symptom overlap and discusses common and disorder-specific risk factors, including recent proteomic studies. Neuropsychological findings in the areas of attention, reward processing, and social cognition are then compared between both disorders, as these cognitive abilities show overlapping as well as specific impairment for one of both disorders. In addition, selective brain imaging findings are reported. Therapeutic options are summarized, and new approaches are discussed. The review concludes with a prospectus on open questions for research and clinical practice.
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              Research review: Constraining heterogeneity: the social brain and its development in autism spectrum disorder.

              The expression of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is highly heterogeneous, owing to the complex interactions between genes, the brain, and behavior throughout development. Here we present a model of ASD that implicates an early and initial failure to develop the specialized functions of one or more of the set of neuroanatomical structures involved in social information processing (i.e., the 'social brain'). From this early and primary disruption, abnormal brain development is canalized because the individual with an ASD must develop in a highly social world without the specialized neural systems that would ordinarily allow him or her to partake in the fabric of social life, which is woven from the thread of opportunities for social reciprocity and the tools of social engagement. This brain canalization gives rise to other characteristic behavioral deficits in ASD including deficits in communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behaviors. We propose that focused efforts to explore the brain mechanisms underlying the core, pathognomic deficits in the development of mechanisms for social engagement in ASD will greatly elucidate our understanding and treatment of this complex, devastating family of neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, developmental studies (i.e., longitudinal studies of young children with and without ASD, as well as infants at increased risk for being identified with ASD) of the neural circuitry supporting key aspects of social information processing are likely to provide important insights into the underlying components of the full-syndrome of ASD. These studies could also contribute to the identification of developmental brain endophenotypes to facilitate genetic studies. The potential for this kind of approach is illustrated via examples of functional neuroimaging research from our own laboratory implicating the posterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) as a key player in the set of neural structures giving rise to ASD. © 2011 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry © 2011 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                kij
                Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie
                Hogrefe AG, Bern
                1422-4917
                1664-2880
                Mai 2015
                : 43
                : 3
                : 207-219
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Phillips-Universität Marburg
                Author notes
                Prof. Dr. phil. Inge Kamp-Becker, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie der Phillips-Universität Marburg, Hans-Sachs-Str. 6, 35039 Marburg, Deutschland, mailto: kampbeck@ 123456med.uni-marburg.de
                Article
                kij_43_3_207
                10.1024/1422-4917/a000354
                cbfdfe48-f055-4308-a03c-d5c8a250dc8d
                Copyright @ 2015
                History
                : Juni 13, 2014
                : Oktober 30, 2014
                Categories
                Originalarbeiten/Original articles

                Pediatrics,Psychology,Family & Child studies,Development studies,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Asperger-Syndrom,screening,Autismus,Screening,Diagnostik,autism,Asperger syndrome,diagnosis

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