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      Effect of season on physiological, biochemical, hormonal, and oxidative stress parameters of indigenous sheep

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          Abstract

          Aim:

          This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of summer and winter season on physiological, biochemical, hormonal, and antioxidant parameters in Indigenous sheep.

          Materials and Methods:

          The research was carried out during summer and winter season. 8 adult apparently healthy female sheep (aged 2-4 years) of similar physiological status were selected. Daily ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded to calculate the temperature-humidity index (THI). The THI value of summer and winter season were 82.55 and 59.36, respectively, which indicate extreme hot condition during summer season and extreme cold condition during winter season. Physiological parameters were recorded daily during the experimental periods. Blood samples were collected at weekly interval and analyzed for biochemical, hormonal, and antioxidant parameters. The results were analyzed using completely randomized design.

          Results:

          From data obtained in this study, we found that higher THI during summer have significant effect over various physiological, biochemical, hormonal, and enzymatic indices of indigenous sheep. The physiological response such as rectal temperature, respiration rate (RR), pulse rate (PR), and skin temperature (ST) was increased significantly. We also found a significant increase in some biochemical parameters such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, creatinine (Cr), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), sodium (Na), and potassium (K). The level of cortisol hormone and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lipid peroxidase (LPO) antioxidants increased significantly during summer. Whereas, some parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (IP), triiodothyronine (T 3), and thyroxine (T 4) were decreased significantly during summer season.

          Conclusion:

          It was concluded that the THI is a sensitive indicator of heat stress and is impacted by ambient temperature more than the relative humidity in Indigenous sheep. Higher THI is associated with significant increase in RT, RR, PR, ST, BUN, uric acid, Cr, ALT, AST, Na, K, cortisol, SOD, GPx, and LPO and with a significant decrease in glucose, cholesterol, Ca, IP, T 3 and T 4.

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          Lead-induced regional lipid peroxidation in brain.

          Shafiq-Ur-Rehman (1984)
          Rats exposed to lead (2% lead acetate in drinking water for a period of 10 days) showed altered levels of phospholipids, lipid peroxide and lead ions. Lead ion concentrations were significantly increased in all brain regions with a maximum retention in the spinal cord and cerebellum. The cerebral cortex showed a higher percent elevation of lead ions as compared to the other areas of the brain. The phospholipid contents were significantly depressed in the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and spinal cord. Subsequently, the rate of lipid peroxidation has been enhanced in all brain regions following toxicosis. Increased rate of lipid peroxidation and decreased levels of phospholipids followed the similar rank order as that of increasing lead concentration was spinal cord, cerebellum, cerebral cortex and brain stem after lead intoxication.
          Article 0 comments Cited 35 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Effect of multiple stresses on growth and adaptive capability of Malpura ewes under semi-arid tropical environment.

            Veerasamy Sejian, Vijai Prakash Maurya, Kamal Kumar … (2013)
            A study was conducted to assess the effect of multiple stresses (thermal, nutritional, and walking stress) on the adaptive capability of Malpura ewes in terms of changes in physiological mechanisms and blood biochemical changes. The study was conducted for a period of 35 days covering two estrous cycles during summer season (April-May). The ewes were randomly allocated into two groups of 12 animals each, viz., GI (n = 12; control) and GII (n = 12; multiple stresses). GI ewes were maintained in the shed while GII ewes were subjected to multiple stresses. GI ewes were maintained in shed while GII ewes were subjected to heat stress by exposing them to 32-44 °C (average 42 °C) and RH of 12-26 % for 6 h from 10:00 to 16:00 h in natural environment. GI ewes were provided with ad libitum feeding while GII ewes were provided with restricted feed (30 % of intake of GI ewes) to induce nutritional stress. Further, GII ewes were subjected to walking stress by forcing them to walk 14 km in two spans between 9:00 and 10:30 h and 15:00 and 16:30 h. Blood collection was done at weekly intervals. Multiple stresses significantly (P < 0.01) affected body weight, respiration rate, pulse rate, rectal temperature, sweating rate, tri-iodo-thyronine, thyroxine, cortisol, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, glucose, and total protein. The findings from this experiment provide useful information to understand the ideal nutrient requirement for these animals to adapt to such stresses in the semi-arid tropical environment without compromising production.
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              Metabolism of water, sodium, potassium, and chlorine by high yielding dairy cows at the onset of lactation.

              D Shinder, A Halevi, N Silanikove … (1997)
              We studied the balance of Na+, K+, Cl-, and water in six high yielding (> 39 kg/d of milk) cows between wk 2 to 1 prepartum and at 2 and 7 wk postpartum during winter in Israel. Cows were fed complete diets; Na+ and Cl- contents exceeded dietary recommendations, and K+ content was equal to dietary recommendations. Milk yield was related positively and significantly to retention of Cl- and K+, indicating that ions that are the main constituents of sweat can limit the ability of cows to express full genetic potential. The highest ion retention was recorded for cows that had the highest dry matter intake and, hence, the highest ion intake. Retention of Cl- was highest for cows that were most efficient in retaining Cl- in the kidney. In hot climates, increasing the concentrations of ions in the diet of early lactation cows according to the actual dry matter intake could prevent or reduce the severity of ion deficiencies. Water turnover rate of the cows was dependent on dry matter intake, milk yield, and respiratory-cutaneous water loss. The milk-free water balance (water turnover rate minus water secreted in milk) could be very efficiently predicted for lactating and nonlactating cows by the following equation: milk-free water balance (kilograms per day) = digestible energy intake (megacalories per day) x 0.58 + respiratory-cutaneous loss (kilograms per day) x 0.97 (n = 18; R2 = 0.97). This formula provides a tool to assess the evaporative-cutaneous water loss from feed and water intake measurements to evaluate the severity of heat stress.
              Article 0 comments Cited 17 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet World
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet World
                Title: Veterinary World
                Publisher: Veterinary World (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0972-8988
                ISSN (Electronic): 2231-0916
                Publication date (Print): June 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 June 2017
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 650-654
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
                [2 ]Department of Livestock Production Management, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India
                Author notes
                Article
                DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.650-654
                PMC ID: 5499082
                PubMed ID: 28717317
                SO-VID: cc993cbf-67d9-4706-b731-a1b023d06729
                Copyright © Copyright: © Rathwa, et al.
                License:

                Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 24 October 2016
                Date accepted : 20 April 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: biochemical,indigenous sheep,physiological,temperature humidity index
                Data availability:
                Keywords: biochemical, indigenous sheep, physiological, temperature humidity index

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