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      Personality disorders, addictions and psychopathy as predictors of criminal behaviour in a prison sample Translated title: Trastornos de la personalidad, adicciones y psicopatía como predictores de la conducta delictiva en una muestra penitenciaria

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          Abstract

          Aims

          Disturbances in personality and addictions are associated with an increased risk of committing crimes and therefore of being imprisoned. In this study, the relationship between these factors is analyzed through a sample of inmates in the Prison of Pereiro de Aguiar, Ourense.

          Material and method

          204 inmates participated in this transversal simple blind design study. The following variables were analyzed: presence of personality disorders and psychopathy, history of addictive psychoactive substance use, criminal history and socio-demographic variables.

          Results

          101 (49.5%) inmates received a diagnosis of personality disorder, the most frequent being: narcissistic, 43 (21.08%); antisocial, 38 (18.63%); and paranoid, 29 (14.22%). The presence of any personality disorder was associated with an increase in the risk of committing crimes, especially violence and crimes against property. The most frequent personality disorders were associated with higher scores in the psychopathy assessment tools. Higher scores in the Psychopathy Checklist Reviewed (PCL-R) correlated with an increased risk of committing the following crimes: violent, against public health, against property and disorderly conduct. The consumption of addictive psychoactive substances was associated with the commission of crimes against property. Methadone stood out for its protective role against the commission of violent crimes.

          Discussion

          This sample shows that inmates have a higher prevalence of personality disorders, psychopathy and consumption of addictive psychoactive substances. These three variables significantly increased the risk of committing crimes.

          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Las perturbaciones de la personalidad y las adicciones se asocian con un aumento del riesgo de cometer delitos y, con ello, de ingresar en prisión. En este estudio se analiza la relación entre estos factores con una muestra de internos en el Centro Penitenciario de Pereiro de Aguiar de Ourense.

          Material y método

          204 internos participaron en este estudio transversal retrospectivo con un diseño ciego simple. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: trastornos de la personalidad y psicopatía, consumo de sustancias, historial delictivo y variables sociodemográficas.

          Resultados

          101 (49,5%) internos recibieron un diagnóstico de trastorno de la personalidad. Los más frecuentes fueron: narcisista, 43 (21,08%); antisocial, 38 (18,63%); y paranoide, 29 (14,22%). La presencia de cualquier trastorno de la personalidad se asoció a un aumento en el riesgo de cometer delitos, especialmente delitos violentos y contra la propiedad. Los trastornos de la personalidad más frecuentes se asociaron a puntuaciones más elevadas en los instrumentos de valoración de la psicopatía. Puntuaciones elevadas en la escala de evaluación de psicopatía de Hare revisada (Psychopathy Checklist Reviewed, PCL-R) se correlacionaron con un mayor riesgo de cometer delitos violentos, contra la salud pública, contra la propiedad y de alteración del orden público. El consumo de sustancias adictivas se asoció a la comisión de delitos contra la propiedad. La metadona destacó por su papel protector frente a la comisión de delitos violentos.

          Discusión

          En esta muestra, se objetiva que los internos presentan una mayor prevalencia de trastornos de la personalidad, psicopatía y consumo de sustancias adictivas. Estas tres variables aumentaron de forma significativa el riesgo de cometer delitos.

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          Most cited references65

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          Refining the construct of psychopathy: towards a hierarchical model.

          Psychopathy is characterized by diverse indicators. Clinical accounts have emphasized 3 distinct facets: interpersonal, affective, and behavioral. Research using the Psychopathy Checklist--Revised (PCL-R), however, has emphasized a 2-factor model. A review of the literature on the PCL-R and related measures of psychopathy, together with confirmatory factor analysis of PCL-R data from North American participants, indicates that the 2-factor model cannot be sustained. A 3-factor hierarchical model was developed in which a coherent superordinate factor, Psychopathy, is underpinned by 3 factors: Arrogant and Deceitful Interpersonal Style, Deficient Affective Experience, and Impulsive and Irresponsible Behavioral Style. The model was cross-validated on North American and Scottish PCL-R data, Psychopathy Screening Version data, and data derived from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) antisocial personality disorder field trial.
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            The health of prisoners.

            More than 10 million people are incarcerated worldwide; this number has increased by about a million in the past decade. Mental disorders and infectious diseases are more common in prisoners than in the general population. High rates of suicide within prison and increased mortality from all causes on release have been documented in many countries. The contribution of prisons to illness is unknown, although shortcomings in treatment and aftercare provision contribute to adverse outcomes. Research has highlighted that women, prisoners aged 55 years and older, and juveniles present with higher rates of many disorders than do other prisoners. The contribution of initiatives to improve the health of prisoners by reducing the burden of infectious and chronic diseases, suicide, other causes of premature mortality and violence, and counteracting the cycle of reoffending should be further examined. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Serious mental disorder in 23000 prisoners: a systematic review of 62 surveys.

              About 9 million people are imprisoned worldwide, but the number with serious mental disorders (psychosis, major depression, and antisocial personality disorder) is unknown. We did a systematic review of surveys on such disorders in general prison populations in western countries. We searched for psychiatric surveys that were based on interviews of unselected prison populations and included diagnoses of psychotic illnesses or major depression within the previous 6 months, or a history of any personality disorder. We did computer-assisted searches, scanned reference lists, searched journals, and corresponded with authors. We determined prevalence rates of serious mental disorders, sex, type of prisoner (detainee or sentenced inmate), and other characteristics. 62 surveys from 12 countries included 22790 prisoners (mean age 29 years, 18530 [81%] men, 2568 [26%] of 9776 were violent offenders). 3.7% of men (95% CI 3.3--4.1) had psychotic illnesses, 10% (9--11) major depression, and 65% (61--68) a personality disorder, including 47% (46--48) with antisocial personality disorder. 4.0% of women (3.2--5.1) had psychotic illnesses, 12% (11--14) major depression, and 42% (38--45) a personality disorder, including 21% (19--23) with antisocial personality disorder. Although there was substantial heterogeneity among studies (especially for antisocial personality disorder), only a small proportion was explained by differences in prevalence rates between detainees and sentenced inmates. Prisoners were several times more likely to have psychosis and major depression, and about ten times more likely to have antisocial personality disorder, than the general population. Worldwide, several million prisoners probably have serious mental disorders, but how well prison services are addressing these problems is not known.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Esp Sanid Penit
                Rev Esp Sanid Penit
                sanipe
                Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria
                Sociedad Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria
                1575-0620
                2013-6463
                May-Aug 2019
                31 July 2019
                : 21
                : 2
                : 62-79
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalBiomedical Research Centre of the Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM). Oviedo. Spain. normalizedSpain orgnameBiomedical Research Centre of the Mental Health Network Oviedo, Spain
                [2 ] originalMedical Services of Pereiro de Aguiar Prison. Ourense. Spain. normalizedSpain orgnameMedical Services of Pereiro de Aguiar Prison Ourense, Spain
                [3 ] originalPsychiatry Department, University of Oviedo. Spain. normalizedUniversidad de Oviedo orgdiv1Psychiatry Department orgnameUniversity of Oviedo Spain
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Gerardo Flórez. Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM). Avenida de Roma, s/n. 33011. Oviedo. E-mail: gerardof@ 123456mundo-r.com .
                [†]

                Deceased.

                Article
                00002
                10.4321/S1575-06202019000200002
                6813663
                31642857
                ccfa60fe-6cfe-4adf-ab06-d4e031d49570

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 04 March 2018
                : 08 November 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 61, Pages: 18
                Categories
                Original

                personality disorders,substance related disorders,prisons,methadone,trastornos de la personalidad,trastornos relacionados con sustancias,prisiones,metadona

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