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      A new species of Pseudasphondylia (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) associated with Magnolia kobus DC. var. borealis Sarg. (Magnoliaceae) in Japan

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          Abstract

          Background

          A gall midge species ( Diptera : Cecidomyiidae ) inducing leaf bud galls on Magnolia kobus DC. var. borealis Sarg. ( Magnoliaceae ) was found in Hokkaido and northern Honshu, Japan.

          New information

          Based on its morphology, the species is regarded as an undescribed species of the genus Pseudasphondylia Monzen ( Cecidomyiinae , Cecidomyiidi , Asphondyliini ). The species is herein described as Pseudasphondylia saohimea Matsuda, Elsayed and Tokuda sp. n. The new species is easily distinguishable from its congeners by the number of adult palpal segments and the shape of the male terminalia and larval spatula.

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          Most cited references40

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          MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms.

          The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software implements many analytical methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. Here, we report a transformation of Mega to enable cross-platform use on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Mega X does not require virtualization or emulation software and provides a uniform user experience across platforms. Mega X has additionally been upgraded to use multiple computing cores for many molecular evolutionary analyses. Mega X is available in two interfaces (graphical and command line) and can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing.

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              A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood.

              The increase in the number of large data sets and the complexity of current probabilistic sequence evolution models necessitates fast and reliable phylogeny reconstruction methods. We describe a new approach, based on the maximum- likelihood principle, which clearly satisfies these requirements. The core of this method is a simple hill-climbing algorithm that adjusts tree topology and branch lengths simultaneously. This algorithm starts from an initial tree built by a fast distance-based method and modifies this tree to improve its likelihood at each iteration. Due to this simultaneous adjustment of the topology and branch lengths, only a few iterations are sufficient to reach an optimum. We used extensive and realistic computer simulations to show that the topological accuracy of this new method is at least as high as that of the existing maximum-likelihood programs and much higher than the performance of distance-based and parsimony approaches. The reduction of computing time is dramatic in comparison with other maximum-likelihood packages, while the likelihood maximization ability tends to be higher. For example, only 12 min were required on a standard personal computer to analyze a data set consisting of 500 rbcL sequences with 1,428 base pairs from plant plastids, thus reaching a speed of the same order as some popular distance-based and parsimony algorithms. This new method is implemented in the PHYML program, which is freely available on our web page: http://www.lirmm.fr/w3ifa/MAAS/.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Biodivers Data J
                Biodivers Data J
                1
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:F9B2E808-C883-5F47-B276-6D62129E4FF4
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:245B00E9-BFE5-4B4F-B76E-15C30BA74C02
                Biodiversity Data Journal
                Pensoft Publishers
                1314-2836
                1314-2828
                2021
                17 June 2021
                : 9
                : e68016
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratory of Systems Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan Laboratory of Systems Ecology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University Saga Japan
                [2 ] IDEA consultants, inc., Yokohama, Japan IDEA consultants, inc. Yokohama Japan
                [3 ] The Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan The Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
                [4 ] Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, Republic of Korea Animal Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources Incheon Republic of Korea
                [5 ] Shinjo, Aomori, Japan Shinjo Aomori Japan
                [6 ] Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
                [7 ] Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
                [8 ] The University of Tokyo Hokkaido Forest, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Furano, Japan The University of Tokyo Hokkaido Forest, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo Furano Japan
                [9 ] Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan Entomological Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
                [10 ] The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University Kagoshima Japan
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Makoto Tokuda ( tokudam@ 123456cc.saga-u.ac.jp ).

                Academic editor: AJ Fleming

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0110-543X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8818-6991
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7162-0715
                Article
                68016 16920
                10.3897/BDJ.9.e68016
                8225606
                cd1f93e8-91ee-4a81-b8fe-0cb3e6e9897d
                Hiroki Matsuda, Ayman Khamis Elsayed, Wanggyu Kim, Satoshi Yamauchi, Martin Libra, Naoto Kamata, Junichi Yukawa, Makoto Tokuda

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 28 April 2021
                : 28 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 1, References: 37
                Funding
                This study was partly supported by JSPS Standard International Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (no. P19087; to Ayman K. Elsayed), European Research Council (GA669609; to Martin Libra) and JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Challenging Exploratory Research (Grant no. 26550087; to Naoto Kamata).
                Categories
                Taxonomic Paper
                Animalia
                Systematics
                Asia

                asphondyliini , asphondyliina ,gall midge,molecular phylogeny

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