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      Prior intake of Brazil nuts attenuates renal injury induced by ischemia and reperfusion Translated title: A ingestão prévia de castanha-do-brasil atenua a lesão renal induzida por isquemia e reperfusão

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          ABSTRACT

          Introduction:

          Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury results from inflammation and oxidative stress, among other factors. Because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, the Brazil nut (BN) might attenuate IR renal injury.

          Objective:

          The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the intake of BN prevents or reduces IR kidney injury and inflammation, improving renal function and decreasing oxidative stress.

          Methods:

          Male Wistar rats were distributed into six groups (N=6/group): SHAM (control), SHAM treated with 75 or 150 mg of BN, IR, and IR treated with 75 or 150 mg of BN. The IR procedure consisted of right nephrectomy and occlusion of the left renal artery with a non-traumatic vascular clamp for 30 min. BN was given daily and individually for 7 days before surgery (SHAM or IR) and maintained until animal sacrifice (48h after surgery). We evaluated the following parameters: plasma creatinine, urea, and phosphorus; proteinuria, urinary output, and creatinine clearance; plasmatic TBARS and TEAC; kidney expression of iNOS and nitrotyrosine, and macrophage influx.

          Results:

          Pre-treatment with 75 mg of BN attenuated IR-induced renal changes, with elevation of creatinine clearance and urinary output, reducing proteinuria, urea, and plasmatic phosphorus as well as reducing kidney expression of iNOS, nitrotyrosine, and macrophage influx.

          Conclusion:

          Low intake of BN prior to IR-induced kidney injury improves renal function by inhibition of macrophage infiltration and oxidative stress.

          RESUMO

          Introdução:

          a lesão por isquemia-reperfusão (IR) resulta, entre outros fatores, de inflamação e estresse oxidativo. Devido às suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias e antioxidantes, a castanha-do-brasil (BN) pode atenuar a lesão renal causada por IR.

          Objetivo:

          O objetivo foi investigar se a ingestão prévia de BN reduz a lesão e a inflamação renal causadas por IR, melhorando a função renal e o estresse oxidativo.

          Métodos:

          Ratos Wistar machos foram distribuídos em seis grupos (N=6/grupo): SHAM (controle), SHAM tratado com 75 ou 150 mg de BN, IR, e IR tratado com 75 ou 150 mg de BN. O procedimento de IR consistiu na nefrectomia à direita e oclusão da artéria renal esquerda por 30 minutos. A castanha foi administrada diariamente e individualmente por sete dias antes da cirurgia (SHAM ou IR), e mantida até o sacrifício (48h pós-cirurgia). Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: creatinina, ureia e fósforo plasmáticos; proteinúria, volume urinário e depuração de creatinina; TBARS e TEAC (capacidade antioxidante) plasmáticos; expressão renal de iNOS e nitrotirosina, e influxo de macrófagos.

          Resultados:

          O pré-tratamento com 75 mg de BN atenuou os parâmetros de função renal alterados pela IR, com elevação da depuração de creatinina e o volume urinário, redução da proteinúria, ureia e fósforo plasmáticos, e diminuição da expressão de iNOS, nitrotirosina e da infiltração de macrófagos.

          Conclusão:

          A ingestão de baixa quantidade de BN, previamente ao processo de IR, melhora a função renal pela inibição da infiltração de macrófagos e do estresse oxidativo.

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          Most cited references47

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          A novel method for measuring antioxidant capacity and its application to monitoring the antioxidant status in premature neonates.

          1. A new method has been developed for measuring the total antioxidant capacity of body fluids and drug solutions, based on the absorbance of the ABTS.+ radical cation. 2. An automated method for use on a centrifugal analyser, as well as a manual method, is described. 3. The procedure has been applied to physiological antioxidant compounds and radical-scavenging drugs, and an antioxidant ranking was established based on their reactivity relative to a 1.0 mmol/l Trolox standard. 4. The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity of plasma from an adult reference population has been measured, and the method optimized and validated. 5. The method has been applied to investigate the total plasma antioxidant capacity of neonates and how this may be compromised in prematurity.
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            Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury; from pathophysiology to treatment

            Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is caused by a sudden temporary impairment of the blood flow to the particular organ. IRI usually is associated with a robust inflammatory and oxidative stress response to hypoxia and reperfusion which disturbs the organ function. Renal IR induced acute kidney injury (AKI) contributes to high morbidity and mortality rate in a wide range of injuries. Although the pathophysiology of IRI is not completely understood, several important mechanisms resulting in kidney failure have been mentioned. In ischemic kidney and subsequent of re-oxygenation, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at reperfusion phase initiates a cascade of deleterious cellular responses leading to inflammation, cell death, and acute kidney failure. Better understanding of the cellular pathophysiological mechanisms underlying kidney injury will hopefully result in the design of more targeted therapies to prevent and treatment the injury. In this review, we summarize some important potential mechanisms and therapeutic approaches in renal IRI.
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              Inflammation in Acute Kidney Injury

              Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is one of the major causes of acute kidney injury (AKI) and evidence supporting the involvement of both innate and adaptive immunity in renal IRI has accumulated in recent years. In addition to leukocytes, kidney endothelial cells promote inflammation after IRI by increasing adhesion molecule expression and vascular permeability. Kidney tubular epithelial cells increase complement binding and upregulate toll-like receptors, both of which lead to cytokine/chemokine production in IRI. Activation of kidney resident dendritic cells, interferon-γ-producing neutrophils, infiltrating macrophages, CD4+ T cells, B cells and invariant natural killer T cells are all implicated in the pathogenesis of AKI. The complex interplay between innate and adaptive immunity in renal IRI is still not completely understood, but major advances have been made. This review summarizes these recent advances to further our understanding of the immune mechanisms of acute kidney injury.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Bras Nefrol
                J Bras Nefrol
                jbn
                Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia
                Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia
                0101-2800
                2175-8239
                19 April 2018
                Jan-Mar 2018
                : 40
                : 1
                : 10-17
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto - FACERES, Laboratório de Pesquisa Experimental, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil.
                [2 ]Faculdade de Medicina de Marília, Laboratório de Farmacologia, Marília, SP, Brasil.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Carla Patrícia Carlos. E-mail: carlamolina@ 123456terra.com.br
                Article
                10.1590/1678-46a85-JBN-3819
                6533976
                29796584
                cd3041ee-fba0-4a72-84d4-78fbfeafaa17

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 09 June 2017
                : 30 August 2017
                Categories
                Original Article

                ischemia,reperfusion injury,acute kidney injury,oxidative stress,inflammation,brazil nuts,rats,isquemia,reperfusão,lesão renal aguda,estresse oxidativo,inflamação,castanha-do-brasil,ratos

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