Epidemiology of Human Parvovirus 4 Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Abstract

Human parvovirus 4 infections are primarily associated with parenteral exposure in western countries. By ELISA, we demonstrate frequent seropositivity for antibody to parvovirus 4 viral protein 2 among adult populations throughout sub-Saharan Africa (Burkina Faso, 37%; Cameroon, 25%; Democratic Republic of the Congo, 35%; South Africa, 20%), which implies existence of alternative transmission routes.

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Most cited references 13

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New DNA viruses identified in patients with acute viral infection syndrome.

Peter Simmonds, Eric Delwart, Vladimir Lukashov … (2005)

A sequence-independent PCR amplification method was used to identify viral nucleic acids in the plasma samples of 25 individuals presenting with symptoms of acute viral infection following high-risk behavior for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transmission. GB virus C/hepatitis G virus was identified in three individuals and hepatitis B virus in one individual. Three previously undescribed DNA viruses were also detected, a parvovirus and two viruses related to TT virus (TTV). Nucleic acids in human plasma that were distantly related to bacterial sequences or with no detectable similarities to known sequences were also found. Nearly complete viral genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis confirmed the presence of a new parvovirus distinct from known human and animal parvoviruses and of two related TTV-like viruses highly divergent from both the TTV and TTV-like minivirus groups. The detection of two previously undescribed viral species in a small group of individuals presenting acute viral syndrome with unknown etiology indicates that a rich yield of new human viruses may be readily identifiable using simple methods of sequence-independent nucleic acid amplification and limited sequencing.

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Bioportfolio: lifelong persistence of variant and prototypic erythrovirus DNA genomes in human tissue.

E Partio, Rene Tolba, Päivi Norja … (2006)

Human erythrovirus is a minute, single-stranded DNA virus causing many diseases, including erythema infectiosum, arthropathy, and fetal death. After primary infection, the viral genomes persist in solid tissues. Besides the prototype, virus type 1, two major variants (virus types 2 and 3) have been identified recently, the clinical significance and epidemiology of which are mostly unknown. We examined 523 samples of skin, synovium, tonsil, or liver (birth year range, 1913-2000), and 1,640 sera, by qualitative and quantitative molecular assays for the DNA of human erythroviruses. Virus types 1 and 2 were found in 132 (25%) and 58 (11%) tissues, respectively. DNA of virus type 1 was found in all age groups, whereas that of type 2 was strictly confined to those subjects born before 1973 (P or =70 years. The erythrovirus DNA persistence in human tissues is lifelong and represents a source of information about our past, the Bioportfolio, which, at the individual level, provides a registry of one's infectious encounters, and at the population level, a database for epidemiological and phylogenetic analyses.

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Identification of novel porcine and bovine parvoviruses closely related to human parvovirus 4.

Ho-Keung Ng, S. Li, Clara T Y Fu … (2008)

Human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), a recently discovered parvovirus found exclusively in human plasma and liver tissue, was considered phylogenetically distinct from other parvoviruses. Here, we report the discovery of two novel parvoviruses closely related to PARV4, porcine hokovirus (PHoV) and bovine hokovirus (BHoV), from porcine and bovine samples in Hong Kong. Their nearly full-length sequences were also analysed. PARV4-like viruses were detected by PCR among 44.4 % (148/333) of porcine samples (including lymph nodes, liver, serum, nasopharyngeal and faecal samples), 13 % (4/32) of bovine spleen samples and 2 % (7/362) of human serum samples that were sent for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus antibody tests. Three distinct parvoviruses were identified, including two novel parvoviruses, PHoV and BHoV, from porcine and bovine samples and PARV4 from humans, respectively. Analysis of genome sequences from seven PHoV strains, from three BHoV strains and from one PARV4 strain showed that the two animal parvoviruses were most similar to PARV4 with 61.5-63 % nt identities and, together with PARV4 (HHoV), formed a distinct cluster within the family Parvoviridae. The three parvoviruses also differed from other parvoviruses by their relatively large predicted VP1 protein and the presence of a small unique conserved putative protein. Based on these results, we propose a separate genus, Hokovirus, to describe these three parvoviruses. The co-detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, the agent associated with the recent 'high fever' disease outbreaks in pigs in China, from our porcine samples warrants further investigation.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis

Journal ID (publisher-id): EID

Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases

Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

ISSN (Print): 1080-6040

ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059

Publication date (Print): October 2010

Volume: 16

Issue: 10

Pages: 1605-1607

Affiliations

[1]Author affiliations: University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland (C.P. Sharp, P. Simmonds);

[2]South African National Blood Service, Weltevreden Park, South Africa (M. Vermeulen, A. Saville);

[3]Centre National de Transfusion Sanguine, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (Y. Nébié);

[4]Global Viral Forecasting Initiative, Yaounde, Cameroon, and San Francisco, California, USA (C.F. Djoko, M. LeBreton, U. Tamoufe, N.D. Wolfe);

[5]University of California School of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA (A.W. Rimoin);

[6]Kinshasa School of Public Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (P.K. Kayembe);

[7]University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA (J.K. Carr);

[8]Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France (A. Servant-Delmas, S. Laperche, J.-J. Lefrère);

[9]University of Oxford, Oxford, UK (G.L.A. Harrison, O.G. Pybus); Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco (E. Delwart);

[10]Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA (N.D. Wolfe);

[11]Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens, France (J.-J. Lefrère)

Author notes

Address for correspondence: Peter Simmonds, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK; email: peter.simmonds@ 123456ed.ac.uk

Article

Publisher ID: 10-1001

DOI: 10.3201/eid1610.101001

PMC ID: 3294412

PubMed ID: 20875290

SO-VID: ce69d001-50a0-46ce-902b-69ce83b092bc

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Epidemiology of Human Parvovirus 4 Infection in Sub-Saharan Africa

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Most cited references 13

New DNA viruses identified in patients with acute viral infection syndrome.

Bioportfolio: lifelong persistence of variant and prototypic erythrovirus DNA genomes in human tissue.

Identification of novel porcine and bovine parvoviruses closely related to human parvovirus 4.

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