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      Beneficios de la dieta mediterránea y la actividad física en adolescentes Translated title: Benefits of the Mediterranean diet and physical activity in adolescents

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: Más de 340 millones de niños y adolescentes en todo el mundo presentan sobrepeso o obesidad, lo que convierte la obesidad en un problema urgente para la población mundial. Este período de la vida es crucial ya que los rápidos cambios cognitivos, físicos, psicológicos y emocionales afectan la salud y el bienestar. Participar en comportamientos de estilo de vida saludables, como la actividad física o seguir una dieta, se asocia con un menor riesgo de sufrir enfermedades crónicas y degenerativas en la edad adulta. Objetivo: Describir la importancia de la dieta y la actividad física en adolescentes, valorar el grado de adherencia a estos patrones y resaltar los beneficios que supone participar en estilos de vida saludables. Método: Búsqueda sistemática de la literatura científica publicada en materia de dieta mediterránea y actividad física en este grupo de población. Resultados: Los niños y adolescentes se han ido alejando de estos estilos de vida saludables, generando la necesidad de aplicar estrategias de intervención que promuevan nuevos hábitos en adolescentes, entre los que se incluya una adecuada alimentación basada en la dieta mediterránea, asociada a un programa de actividad física semanal, lo aporta múltiples beneficios tanto a nivel cardio respiratorio, metabólico, musculoesquelético, como cognitivo y emocional. Conclusiones: Se puede resaltar la importancia de aplicar la dieta mediterránea y la actividad física en los hábitos de vida de los adolescentes ya que incluyen numerosos beneficios a nivel físico, cognitivo y psicológico, necesarios para un correcto desarrollo en esta etapa del desarrollo.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Over 340 million children and adolescents worldwide are overweight or obese, which makes obesity an urgent problem for the world's population. This period of life is crucial since rapid cognitive, physical, psychological, and emotional changes affect health and well-being. Engaging in healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as being physically active or following a diet, is associated with a lower risk of chronic and degenerative diseases in later life. Objective: Describe the importance of diet and physical activity in adolescents, assess the degree of adherence to these patterns, and highlight the benefits of participating in healthy lifestyles. Method: Systematic search of the published scientific literature on the Mediterranean diet and physical activity in this population group. Results: Children and adolescents have been moving away from these healthy lifestyles, generating the need to apply intervention strategies that promote new habits in adolescents, including an adequate diet based on the Mediterranean diet, associated with a program of weekly physical activity, which provides multiple benefits both at the cardio-respiratory, metabolic, musculoskeletal, cognitive, and emotional levels. Conclusions: The importance of applying the Mediterranean diet and physical activity to the lifestyle of adolescents can be highlighted since they include numerous benefits at physical, cognitive, and psychological levels, which are necessary for correct development at this stage of development.

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          The Bones of Children With Obesity

          Excess adiposity in childhood may affect bone development, ultimately leading to bone frailty. Previous reports showing an increased rate of extremity fractures in children with obesity support this fear. On the other hand, there is also evidence suggesting that bone mineral content is higher in obese children than in normal weight peers. Both adipocytes and osteoblasts derive from multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and obesity drives the differentiation of MSCs toward adipocytes at the expense of osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, adipocytes in bone marrow microenvironment release a number of pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecules that up-regulate formation and activation of osteoclasts, thus favoring bone frailty. On the other hand, body adiposity represents a mechanical load, which is beneficial for bone accrual. In this frame, bone quality, and structure result from the balance of inflammatory and mechanical stimuli. Diet, physical activity and the hormonal milieu at puberty play a pivotal role on this balance. In this review, we will address the question whether the bone of obese children and adolescents is unhealthy in comparison with normal-weight peers and discuss mechanisms underlying the differences in bone quality and structure. We anticipate that many biases and confounders affect the clinical studies conducted so far and preclude us from achieving robust conclusions. Sample-size, lack of adequate controls, heterogeneity of study designs are the major drawbacks of the existing reports. Due to the increased body size of children with obesity, dual energy absorptiometry might overestimate bone mineral density in these individuals. Magnetic resonance imaging, peripheral quantitative CT (pQCT) scanning and high-resolution pQCT are promising techniques for the accurate estimate of bone mineral content in obese children. Moreover, no longitudinal study on the risk of incident osteoporosis in early adulthood of children and adolescents with obesity is available. Finally, we will address emerging dietary issues (i.e., the likely benefits for the bone health of polyunsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols) since an healthy diet (i.e., the Mediterranean diet) with balanced intake of certain nutrients associated with physical activity remain the cornerstones for achieving an adequate bone accrual in young individuals regardless of their adiposity degree.
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            Cardiorespiratory fitness and ideal cardiovascular health in European adolescents.

            We studied in European adolescents (i) the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and ideal cardiovascular health as defined by the American Heart Association and (ii) whether there is a cardiorespiratory fitness threshold associated with a more favourable cardiovascular health profile.
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              Determinants of Adherence to Healthy Eating Patterns in a Population of Children and Adolescents: Evidence on the Mediterranean Diet in the City of Mataró (Catalonia, Spain)

              Despite its benefits, the Mediterranean diet (MD) is being abandoned or not adopted by young generations in most Mediterranean countries. In Spain, up to 69% of the child and adolescent population has been found to have suboptimal adherence to the MD. The aim of this study was to analyze which factors are associated with an optimal adherence to the MD in school-age children and adolescents from Mataró, Spain. A cross-sectional study was performed on 1177 children and adolescents aged between 6 and 18 years from Mataró. The Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Adolescents (KIDMED index) was used to evaluate adherence to a MD. We found that over 59% of subjects showed suboptimal adherence to a MD, with this prevalence being higher for secondary school than for primary school children. The factors positively associated with following an optimal MD were the mother’s education level, children at the primary school level, the absence of distractions at breakfast, and regular physical activity. The availability of spending money was negatively associated with the likelihood of optimal adherence to a MD. Future research should study more in-depth the possible causality between the factors studied and adherence to a MD.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                September 2023
                : 8
                : 3
                : 596-614
                Affiliations
                [3] orgnameUniversidad de Castilla-La Mancha orgdiv1Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Spain
                [2] orgnameHospital de Almansa
                [1] orgnameUniversidad de Castilla-La Mancha Spain
                Article
                S2529-850X2023000300003 S2529-850X(23)00800300003
                10.19230/jonnpr.4803
                ce8782e7-056d-48b3-8548-119193fa426f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 18 June 2023
                : 05 July 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 13, Pages: 19
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                adherence,beneficios en salud,adherencia,actividad física,dieta mediterránea,adolescentes,benefits,physical activity,mediterranean diet,adolescents

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