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      Ventilação mecânica na lesão pulmonar aguda / síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo Translated title: Mechanical ventilation in the acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome

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          Abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Em 2000, foi publicado o II Consenso Brasileiro de Ventilação Mecânica. Desde então, o conhecimento na área da ventilação mecânica avançou rapidamente, com a publicação de inúmeros estudos clínicos que acrescentaram informações importantes para o manuseio de pacientes críticos em ventilação artificial. Além disso, a expansão do conceito de Medicina Baseada em Evidências determinou a hierarquização das recomendações clínicas, segundo o rigor metodológico dos estudos que as embasaram. Essa abordagem explícita vem ampliando a compreensão e a aplicação das recomendações clínicas. Por esses motivos, a AMIB - Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - e a SBPT - Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia - julgaram conveniente a atualização das recomendações descritas no Consenso anterior. Dentre os tópicos selecionados a Ventilação Mecânica na Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo (SDRA) foi um dos temas propostos. O objetivo foi descrever os pontos mais importantes relacionados à ventilação mecânica na Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo e discutir o papel das estratégias protetoras aplicada a esses pacientes. MÉTODO: Objetivou-se chegar a um documento suficientemente sintético, que refletisse a melhor evidência disponível na literatura. A revisão bibliográfica baseou-se na busca de estudos através de palavras-chave e em sua gradação conforme níveis de evidência. As palavras-chave utilizadas para a busca foram: mechanical ventilation e acute respiratory distress syndrome. RESULTADOS: São apresentadas recomendações quanto à utilização das estratégias protetoras (uso de baixos volumes-correntes e limitação da pressão de platô inspiratório), assim como, o estado atual da aplicação da PEEP e o papel das manobras de recrutamento. CONCLUSÕES: A ventilação mecânica na SDRA apresentou muitas mudanças nesses últimos anos e o uso de estratégias ventilatórias que preservem a micro-arquitetura pulmonar é a forma mais indicada no momento.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The II Brazilian Consensus Conference on Mechanical Ventilation was published in 2000. Knowledge on the field of mechanical ventilation evolved rapidly since then, with the publication of numerous clinical studies with potential impact on the ventilatory management of critically ill patients. Moreover, the evolving concept of evidence - based medicine determined the grading of clinical recommendations according to the methodological value of the studies on which they are based. This explicit approach has broadened the understanding and adoption of clinical recommendations. For these reasons, AMIB - Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira and SBPT - Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia - decided to update the recommendations of the II Brazilian Consensus. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) has been one of the updated topics. This objective was described the most important topics related to mechanical ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. METHODS: Systematic review of the published literature and gradation of the studies in levels of evidence, using the key words mechanical ventilation and acute respiratory distress syndrome. RESULTS: Recommendations on the use of lung protective strategies during mechanical ventilation based on reduced tidal volumes and limitation of plateau pressure. The state of the art of recruitment maneuvers and PEEP titration is also discussed. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanical ventilation of patients with ADRS changed in the last few years. We presented the role of lung protective strategies that could be applied to these patients.

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          Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network.

          Traditional approaches to mechanical ventilation use tidal volumes of 10 to 15 ml per kilogram of body weight and may cause stretch-induced lung injury in patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. We therefore conducted a trial to determine whether ventilation with lower tidal volumes would improve the clinical outcomes in these patients. Patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome were enrolled in a multicenter, randomized trial. The trial compared traditional ventilation treatment, which involved an initial tidal volume of 12 ml per kilogram of predicted body weight and an airway pressure measured after a 0.5-second pause at the end of inspiration (plateau pressure) of 50 cm of water or less, with ventilation with a lower tidal volume, which involved an initial tidal volume of 6 ml per kilogram of predicted body weight and a plateau pressure of 30 cm of water or less. The primary outcomes were death before a patient was discharged home and was breathing without assistance and the number of days without ventilator use from day 1 to day 28. The trial was stopped after the enrollment of 861 patients because mortality was lower in the group treated with lower tidal volumes than in the group treated with traditional tidal volumes (31.0 percent vs. 39.8 percent, P=0.007), and the number of days without ventilator use during the first 28 days after randomization was greater in this group (mean [+/-SD], 12+/-11 vs. 10+/-11; P=0.007). The mean tidal volumes on days 1 to 3 were 6.2+/-0.8 and 11.8+/-0.8 ml per kilogram of predicted body weight (P<0.001), respectively, and the mean plateau pressures were 25+/-6 and 33+/-8 cm of water (P<0.001), respectively. In patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome, mechanical ventilation with a lower tidal volume than is traditionally used results in decreased mortality and increases the number of days without ventilator use.
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            Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury.

            Acute lung injury is a critical illness syndrome consisting of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure with bilateral pulmonary infiltrates that are not attributed to left atrial hypertension. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism and treatment of acute lung injury, its incidence and outcomes in the United States have been unclear. We conducted a prospective, population-based, cohort study in 21 hospitals in and around King County, Washington, from April 1999 through July 2000, using a validated screening protocol to identify patients who met the consensus criteria for acute lung injury. A total of 1113 King County residents undergoing mechanical ventilation met the criteria for acute lung injury and were 15 years of age or older. On the basis of this figure, the crude incidence of acute lung injury was 78.9 per 100,000 person-years and the age-adjusted incidence was 86.2 per 100,000 person-years. The in-hospital mortality rate was 38.5 percent. The incidence of acute lung injury increased with age from 16 per 100,000 person-years for those 15 through 19 years of age to 306 per 100,000 person-years for those 75 through 84 years of age. Mortality increased with age from 24 percent for patients 15 through 19 years of age to 60 percent for patients 85 years of age or older (P<0.001). We estimate that each year in the United States there are 190,600 cases of acute lung injury, which are associated with 74,500 deaths and 3.6 million hospital days. Acute lung injury has a substantial impact on public health, with an incidence in the United States that is considerably higher than previous reports have suggested. Copyright 2005 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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              The acute respiratory distress syndrome.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbti
                Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva
                Rev. bras. ter. intensiva
                Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0103-507X
                1982-4335
                September 2007
                : 19
                : 3
                : 374-383
                Affiliations
                [01] SP orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Hospital das Clínicas
                [02] RS orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre
                [03] SP orgnameHospital do Servidor Público Estadual de São Paulo orgdiv1Serviço de Terapia Intensiva
                [05] SP orgnameHospital Estadual Prof. Liberato Di Dio do Grajaú
                [08] GO orgnameUniversidade Federal de Goiás orgdiv1Hospital das Clínicas
                [06] orgnameSanta Casa de São Paulo
                [04] RJ orgnameHospital Copa D'Or orgdiv1Unidade de Terapia Intensiva
                [07] SP orgnameUNINOVE
                Article
                S0103-507X2007000300020 S0103-507X(07)01900320
                cefe638c-3dbd-4c54-b1f5-49625e39daf3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 10
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                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                III Consenso Brasileiro de Ventilação Mecância

                Mechanical Ventilation,Estratégias Protetoras,PEEP,Síndrome do Desconforto Respiratório Agudo,Ventilação Mecânica,Acute Respiratory Discomfort Syndrome,Lung Protective Strategies

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