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      Prevention of canine ocular thelaziosis ( Thelazia callipaeda) with a combination of milbemycin oxime and afoxolaner (Nexgard Spectra ®) in endemic areas in France and Spain Translated title: Prévention de la thélaziose oculaire canine ( Thelazia callipaeda) avec une association de milbémycine oxime et d’afoxolaner (Nexgard Spectra ®) dans les zones d’endémie en France et en Espagne

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          Abstract

          In the past decade, canine thelaziosis due to Thelazia callipaeda has been diagnosed in an increasing number of European countries, with endemic areas being identified. A multi-center field trial was conducted in endemic areas in France and Spain to evaluate the efficacy of monthly administrations of the oral milbemycin oxime/afoxolaner combination (NexGard Spectra ®) for the prevention of T. callipaeda infection in at-risk dogs. A total of 79 dogs negative for T. callipaeda and with a clinical history of eyeworm infection in the past two years completed the study. Dogs were randomly allocated either to a negative control group (42 dogs) or to the NexGard Spectra ® treated group (37 dogs). All dogs were followed up for a 6-month period and assessed monthly for the presence of nematodes on the eyes and for the signs of ocular thelaziosis (e.g., conjunctivitis, keratitis, and ocular discharge). When the presence of nematodes was confirmed, the conjunctival fornix was flushed with a saline solution for parasite recovery and counting, and the dogs were treated appropriately. Recovered parasites were stored in 70% alcohol for subsequent morphological identification. During the course of the study, 57.1% (24/42) of the control dogs were diagnosed positive for Thelazia infection, which illustrates a high incidence rate of parasite infection. Conversely, no eyeworm was recovered from any of the 37 dogs that received NexGard Spectra ®. All parasites sampled were confirmed to be T. callipaeda. This clinical field study demonstrated that monthly administrations of NexGard Spectra ® provided 100% preventive efficacy against canine thelaziosis.

          Translated abstract

          Depuis une dizaine d’années, la thélaziose canine due à Thelazia callipaeda est diagnostiquée dans un nombre grandissant de pays européens où des zones d'endémie sont identifiées. Une étude multicentrique de terrain a été conduite dans plusieurs de ces zones endémiques en France et en Espagne afin d’évaluer l’efficacité de l’administration orale mensuelle de milbémycine-oxime en combinaison avec l’afoxolaner (NexGard Spectra ®) pour la prévention des infestations à T. callipaeda chez des chiens à risque. Un total de 79 chiens négatifs pour T. callipaeda et avec des antécédents de thélaziose clinique dans les deux années précédentes ont participé à l’étude. Ces chiens ont été alloués de manière aléatoire à un groupe contrôle négatif (42 chiens) ou un groupe traité avec NexGard Spectra ® (37 chiens). Tous les chiens ont été suivis pendant une période de 6 mois et évalués mensuellement pour la présence de nématodes dans l’œil et de signes cliniques oculaires de thélaziose (conjonctivite, kératite, écoulement oculaire). Lorsque la présence de nématodes a été confirmée, le sac conjonctival a été rincé avec une solution saline afin de collecter et compter les parasites et les chiens ont reçu un traitement approprié. Les parasites collectés ont été conservés dans l’alcool à 70 % pour une identification morphologique ultérieure. Pendant la durée de l’étude, 57.1 % (24/42) des chiens du groupe contrôle ont été diagnostiqués positif pour une infestation par Thelazia ce qui correspond à une incidence élevée d’infestation parasitaire. Au contraire, aucun parasite n’a été retrouvé chez les 37 chiens ayant reçu NexGard Spectra ®. L’ensemble des parasites collectés ont été identifiés comme étant T. callipaeda. Cette étude clinique de terrain démontre que l’administration mensuelle de NexGard Spectra ® prévient à 100 % la thélaziose canine.

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          Most cited references28

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          Phortica variegata as an intermediate host of Thelazia callipaeda under natural conditions: evidence for pathogen transmission by a male arthropod vector.

          Knowledge about Phortica variegata (Drosophilidae, Steganinae), the intermediate host of the eyeworm Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae), is confined to experimental studies. To investigate the role P. variegata plays in the transmission of T. callipaeda under natural conditions, the population dynamics of these flies in the natural environment and their feeding preferences (on vegetables and/or animal lachrymal secretions) were examined. From April to November 2005, a total number of 969 (557 males and 412 females) P. variegata flies were collected weekly in a region of southern Italy with a history of canine thelaziosis. The flies were identified and dissected or subjected to a PCR assay specific for a region within the ribosomal ITS-1 DNA of T. callipaeda. The zoophilic preferences of P. variegata were assessed by collecting flies around the eyes of a person or around a fruit bait. Seven hundred and twenty flies (398 males and 322 females) were dissected under a stereomicroscope; 249 flies (158 males and 91 females) that died prior to the dissection were subjected to molecular investigation. Only P. variegata males were infected with larval T. callipaeda both at dissection (six, 0.83%) and with the specific PCR (seven, 2.81%), representing a total percentage of 1.34% flies infected. Interestingly, only males were collected around the eyes, compared with a male/female ratio of 1:4 around the fruit. This survey indicated that P. variegata males act as intermediate hosts of T. callipaeda under natural conditions in Europe. Both the zoophilic behaviour of P. variegata males on lachrymal secretions and their role as vector of T. callipaeda have been discussed as they represent a peculiarity in medical and veterinary entomology. The synchrony between the fly population dynamics and the biology of the nematode in the definitive host provides an interesting model for exploring the co-evolution of Thelazia spp. with their hosts.
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            Current status and epidemiological observation of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) in dogs, cats and foxes in Italy: a "coincidence" or a parasitic disease of the Old Continent?

            Thelazia callipaeda is a spirurid nematode which causes ocular infections in dogs and man and, occasionally, in cats, foxes and rabbits. The intermediate host and vector of T. callipaeda is unknown. For a long time T. callipaeda incidence was reported only from the Russian Federation and the Far East, but recently it has also been found in Italy. In order to investigate the spread of T. callipaeda in Italy, a survey was carried out in two sites, site A in the Piedmont region (North West Italy), and site B in the Basilicata region (Southern Italy). Dogs, cats and foxes in site A and dogs in site B were examined for eyeworms, using different procedures and timing. From January 1995 to August 2002, 91 dogs, 4 cats and 903 fox carcasses were examined in site A, and from October 1999 to January 2003, 443 dogs were examined in site B, and the eyeworms collected were identified using morphological keys. Twenty-one (23.07%) and 185 (41.76%) of the dogs from sites A and B, respectively, were found to be infected by eyeworms; furthermore, all the cats examined and 46 fox carcasses (5.1%) were positive for eyeworms. All the nematodes collected were identified as T. callipaeda. These results indicate that T. callipaeda is not confined to Eastern Europe and Asia, but that it has spread to the Old Continent, and to both Northern and Southern Italy. Considering the high prevalence of infected dogs reported in some municipalities (e.g. 60.14% of 138 dogs examined in a municipality from site B), it is assumed that one or more vectors are significantly present in the areas under investigation. Furthermore, there is good reason to believe that T. callipaeda is also present in other European countries. Speculation as to the origins of this parasitic infestation in Europe and the biology of T. callipaeda and its vector/s is also discussed.
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              Human Thelaziasis, Europe

              Thelazia callipaeda eyeworm is a nematode transmitted by drosophilid flies to carnivores in Europe. It has also been reported in the Far East in humans. We report T. callipaeda infection in 4 human patients in Italy and France.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2019
                15 January 2019
                : 26
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2019/01 )
                : 1
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, CRSV 805 Allée des Cyprès 01150 Saint-Vulbas France
                [2 ] Unité de Parasitologie, Mycologie, Dermatologie, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort 94704 Maisons-Alfort France
                [3 ] Hospital Canis de Monforte Carretera Circunvalación S/N 27400 Monforte (Lugo, Galicia) Spain
                [4 ] Clínica Veterinaria Bazaga Ronda Sur, 50 10300 Navalmoral de la Mata Cáceres (Extremadura) Spain
                [5 ] Clinique Vétérinaire de Gabarret Avenue de Marcadieu 40310 Gabarret France
                [6 ] Hospital Veterinario Abros Parque empresarial Pereiro de Aguiar Polígono 2 A – Parcela 32A 32710 Pereiro de Aguiar (Orense, Galicia) Spain
                [7 ] Clinique Vétérinaire Fénelon 5 boulevard Fénelon 24380 Vergt France
                [8 ] Clinique Vétérinaire Sanilhac Avenue du 19 mars 1962 24660 Notre-Dame de Sanilhac France
                [9 ] Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health 29 avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: lenaig.halos@ 123456merial.com
                Article
                parasite180153 10.1051/parasite/2019001
                10.1051/parasite/2019001
                6333103
                30644355
                cf3b764d-3448-43b9-83f5-22813c5f46d0
                © W. Lebon et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2019

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 19 November 2018
                : 03 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Research Article

                thelazia callipaeda,eyeworm,prevention,dog,milbemycin oxime,europe

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