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      Molecular characterization of the 5S rDNA non-transcribed spacer and reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships in Capsicum

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          Abstract

          Abstract Capsicum includes ca. 41 species of chili peppers. In this original report we PCR amplified, cloned, sequenced and characterized the 5S rDNA non-transcribed spacer -NTS- in 23 taxa of nine clades of Capsicum, divergent at geographical origin and fruit and chromosome traits, and compared the NTS features throughout Solanaceae. According to GC content, inner variability and regulatory elements, the NTS organizes into three distinct structural regions; genetic variability at the NTS in Capsicum and related genus clusters into defined taxa hierarchies. Based on the reconstruction of a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree and phylogenetic networks, NTS sequences of Capsicum and related taxa grouped into well recognized categories -genus, section, clade, species, variety-. An evolutionary scenario arose from combined genetic and phylogenetic NTS data, in which monophyly and lineage diversification over time of Capsicum are addressed. Our analysis is original to include all domesticated species of Capsicum prevailing in germplasm collections and breeding programs, together with a large group of wild taxa that demanded further genetic characterization. The NTS set up as a double purpose marker in Capsicum, to directly evaluate genetic variability and reconstruct phylogenetic relationships to a broad extent, and constitutes a valuable tool for germplasm characterization and evolutionary studies within Solanaceae.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Capsicum incluye ca. 41 especies de ajíes. En este trabajo original, el espaciador no-transcrito (NTS) del ADNr 5S fue PCR-amplificado, clonado, secuenciado y caracterizado en 23 taxones de nueve clados de Capsicum, divergentes en origen, fruto y cromosomas, y comparado a lo largo de Solanaceae. El NTS se organiza en tres regiones estructurales distintas de acuerdo a contenido GC, variabilidad y elementos reguladores; la variabilidad genética del NTS en Capsicum y géneros relacionados se agrupó en categorías taxonómicas definidas. Las secuencias NTS de Capsicum y taxa relacionados también se agruparon en categorías reconocidas -género, sección, clado, especie, variedad- durante la reconstrucción de un árbol filogenético de máxima-verosimilitud y diversas redes filogenéticas. De la combinación de datos genéticos y filogenéticos del NTS surge un escenario evolutivo que considera monofilia y diversificación de Capsicum a lo largo del tiempo. Nuestro análisis es original al incluir todas las especies domesticadas de Capsicum, mayoritarias en colecciones y programas, además de un amplio número de ajíes silvestres que demandaban mayor caracterización genética. El NTS constituye un marcador de doble propósito en Capsicum, al evaluar directamente variabilidad genética y reconstruir relaciones filogenéticas extensas, además de ser útil a la caracterización de germoplasma y estudios evolutivos en Solanaceae.

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          Most cited references65

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          FastTree 2 – Approximately Maximum-Likelihood Trees for Large Alignments

          Background We recently described FastTree, a tool for inferring phylogenies for alignments with up to hundreds of thousands of sequences. Here, we describe improvements to FastTree that improve its accuracy without sacrificing scalability. Methodology/Principal Findings Where FastTree 1 used nearest-neighbor interchanges (NNIs) and the minimum-evolution criterion to improve the tree, FastTree 2 adds minimum-evolution subtree-pruning-regrafting (SPRs) and maximum-likelihood NNIs. FastTree 2 uses heuristics to restrict the search for better trees and estimates a rate of evolution for each site (the “CAT” approximation). Nevertheless, for both simulated and genuine alignments, FastTree 2 is slightly more accurate than a standard implementation of maximum-likelihood NNIs (PhyML 3 with default settings). Although FastTree 2 is not quite as accurate as methods that use maximum-likelihood SPRs, most of the splits that disagree are poorly supported, and for large alignments, FastTree 2 is 100–1,000 times faster. FastTree 2 inferred a topology and likelihood-based local support values for 237,882 distinct 16S ribosomal RNAs on a desktop computer in 22 hours and 5.8 gigabytes of memory. Conclusions/Significance FastTree 2 allows the inference of maximum-likelihood phylogenies for huge alignments. FastTree 2 is freely available at http://www.microbesonline.org/fasttree.
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            Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies.

            The evolutionary history of a set of taxa is usually represented by a phylogenetic tree, and this model has greatly facilitated the discussion and testing of hypotheses. However, it is well known that more complex evolutionary scenarios are poorly described by such models. Further, even when evolution proceeds in a tree-like manner, analysis of the data may not be best served by using methods that enforce a tree structure but rather by a richer visualization of the data to evaluate its properties, at least as an essential first step. Thus, phylogenetic networks should be employed when reticulate events such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer, recombination, or gene duplication and loss are believed to be involved, and, even in the absence of such events, phylogenetic networks have a useful role to play. This article reviews the terminology used for phylogenetic networks and covers both split networks and reticulate networks, how they are defined, and how they can be interpreted. Additionally, the article outlines the beginnings of a comprehensive statistical framework for applying split network methods. We show how split networks can represent confidence sets of trees and introduce a conservative statistical test for whether the conflicting signal in a network is treelike. Finally, this article describes a new program, SplitsTree4, an interactive and comprehensive tool for inferring different types of phylogenetic networks from sequences, distances, and trees.
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              Genome sequence of the hot pepper provides insights into the evolution of pungency in Capsicum species.

              Hot pepper (Capsicum annuum), one of the oldest domesticated crops in the Americas, is the most widely grown spice crop in the world. We report whole-genome sequencing and assembly of the hot pepper (Mexican landrace of Capsicum annuum cv. CM334) at 186.6× coverage. We also report resequencing of two cultivated peppers and de novo sequencing of the wild species Capsicum chinense. The genome size of the hot pepper was approximately fourfold larger than that of its close relative tomato, and the genome showed an accumulation of Gypsy and Caulimoviridae family elements. Integrative genomic and transcriptomic analyses suggested that change in gene expression and neofunctionalization of capsaicin synthase have shaped capsaicinoid biosynthesis. We found differential molecular patterns of ripening regulators and ethylene synthesis in hot pepper and tomato. The reference genome will serve as a platform for improving the nutritional and medicinal values of Capsicum species.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rod
                Rodriguésia
                Rodriguésia
                Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0370-6583
                2175-7860
                2021
                : 72
                : e02062019
                Affiliations
                [2] Córdoba orgnameInstituto de Patología Vegetal orgdiv1Centro de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INTA) Argentina
                [1] Posadas Misiones orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Misiones orgdiv1Instituto de Biología Subtropical (UNaM-CONICET) and Instituto de Biotecnología Misiones Argentina
                Article
                S2175-78602021000100261 S2175-7860(21)07200000261
                10.1590/2175-7860202172071
                cf5409c5-8bbe-4a33-a06d-d246352dfc7d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 November 2019
                : 09 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 66, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Papers

                filogenia,chili peppers,genetic variability,molecular double purpose marker,phylogeny,ribosomal NTS,ajíes,variabilidad genética,marcador molecular de doble propósito

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