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      Characteristics of the tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) using native bumblebees (Bombus atratus) as pollinators in greenhouse Translated title: Características do tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) utilizando abelhas nativas (Bombus atratus) como polinizadores no cultivo em estufas Translated title: Características del fruto de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) utilizando abejorros nativos (Bombus atratus) como polinizadores en invernáculo

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          Abstract

          Abstract: In Uruguay, the production of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) in greenhouse presents pollination issues that limit its yield. The use of bumblebees (Bombus spp.) as pollinators can help overcome this problem as they perform “buzzing pollination”, a behavior that makes them excellent pollinators of Solanaceae and particularly tomato. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the native bumblebees Bombus atratus on the proportion of fruit set, weight, diameter, number of seeds and number of locules of tomato (lapataia and elpida varieties). An experience was carried out in Canelones, where the fruits from flowers pollinated by bumblebees and from flowers not visited by insects were compared; two other experiences carried out in Salto were similar to that of Canelones, but included flowers treated with hormones. In the three analyzed greenhouses the visit of bumblebees to the flowers increased the proportion of fruit set by 13 - 47%, compared to the result obtained in flowers not visited by the insects. Also, the pollinating action of bumblebees significantly improved the weight, size, and number of seeds compared to fruits obtained from flowers without access to pollinators. This improvement was recorded in the experience in Canelones and only in one of the Salto's experiences. On the other hand, a positive correlation was found between the number of seeds and the weight (R2 = 0.37, R2 = 0.53; lapataia, elpida, respectively) in the two tomato varieties. This study is the first in Uruguay to show the benefits of using native bumblebees in tomato production in greenhouses.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo: No Uruguai, a produção de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) em estufas apresenta problemas de polinização que limitam sua produção. O uso de abelhas (Bombus spp.) como os polinizadores podem contribuir para superar esse problema, uma vez que realizam a "polinização por zumbido", um comportamento necessário para polinizar as máscaras e principalmente o tomate. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da abelha nativa Bombus atratus (abelhão) sobre a porcentagem de frutos, peso, diâmetro, número de sementes e número de lóculos de tomate (variedades lapataia e elpida). Foi realizada uma experiência no departamento de Canelones, onde foram coletados os frutos de flores polinizadas por abelhas e as flores não visitadas por insetos; e duas experiências em Salto iguais às de Canelones, mas que incluíam flores tratadas com hormônios. Nas três estufas, a visita das abelhas às flores aumentou o conjunto de frutos entre 13 e 47% em relação ao obtido em flores não visitadas pelos insetos. A ação polinizadora das abelhas também melhorou significativamente o peso, tamanho e número de sementes em comparação aos frutos obtidos de flores sem acesso aos polinizadores em duas das três experiências realizadas. Por outro lado, nas duas variedades de tomate, foi encontrada uma correlação positiva entre o número de sementes e o peso (R2 = 0,37, R2 = 0,53; lapataia, elpida, respectivamente). Este estudo é o primeiro no Uruguai a mostrar os benefícios do uso de abelhas nativas para melhorar a produção de tomate em estufas.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen: En Uruguay, la producción de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) bajo invernáculo presenta problemas de polinización que limitan su rendimiento. El uso de abejorros (Bombus spp.) como polinizadores puede contribuir a superar este problema, ya que realizan «polinización por zumbido», comportamiento necesario para polinizar las solanáceas y particularmente el tomate. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de los abejorros nativos Bombus atratus en el porcentaje de cuajado, peso, diámetro, número de semillas y número de lóculos de tomate (variedades lapataia y elpida). Se realizó una experiencia en el departamento de Canelones donde se cotejaron los frutos de flores polinizadas por abejorros y flores no visitadas por los insectos; y dos experiencias en Salto iguales a la de Canelones, pero que incluían flores tratadas con hormonas. En los tres invernáculos la visita de los abejorros a las flores incrementó el porcentaje de cuajado entre 13 y 47 % en relación con el obtenido en flores no visitadas por los insectos. La acción polinizadora de los abejorros también mejoró significativamente el peso, tamaño y número de semillas respecto a frutos obtenidos de flores sin acceso a polinizadores en dos de las tres experiencias realizadas. Por otro lado, en las dos variedades de tomate se encontró una correlación positiva entre el número de semillas y el peso (R2=0,37, R2=0,53; lapataia, elpida, respectivamente). Este estudio es el primero en Uruguay que muestra los beneficios de utilizar abejorros nativos para mejorar la producción de tomates en invernáculos.

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          The Foraging Specializations of Individual Bumblebees

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            Effect of bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) pollination intensity on the quality of greenhouse tomatoes.

            Laboratory studies were conducted to assess tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Solanaceae), quality in relation to the level of buzz-pollination by bumble bees. Studies were conducted in commercial tomato greenhouses in the Leamington, Ontario, area to categorize bruising of tomato anther cones by bumble bees into five levels of bruising. The number of pollen grains per stigma was determined for each bruising level, and the bruising level was found to be a good predictor of stigmatic pollen load. Experimental flowers were pollinated by bumble bees and assigned to bruising levels based on the degree of anther cone discoloration. Fruit set, tomato weight, minimum diameter, the number of days until ripe, roundness, weight, percentage sugars, and number of seeds were assessed and compared among bruising level. Fruit set in flowers receiving no pollination visits was 30.2%, whereas, 83.3, 84.4, 81.2, and 100% of the flowers set fruit in bruising levels 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Minimum diameter, number of seeds, and tomato weight all increased from no bruising to different levels of bruising. There was no increase in weight or diameter above a bruising level of 1, and no increase in the number of seeds per fruit after a bruising level of 2. We found that pollination of tomato flowers greater than a bruising level of 2 (corresponding to approximately one to two bee visits) did not result in a significant increase in quality.
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              Bumble bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) activity and pollination levels in commercial tomato greenhouses.

              Commercial greenhouse studies were conducted to assess levels of pollination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) flowers in relation to bumble bee (Bombus impatiens Cresson) colony activity and colony densities. For the assessment of pollination levels of tomato flowers, five categories were defined based on bruising levels caused by bumble bee pollination. Colony activity was measured as bee trips per ha/d using electric powered photodiode monitors inserted into the hive entrance. Levels of pollination were positively correlated with bee activity levels, up to a mean of approximately 400 pollen grains per stigma per day, after which greater activity did not result in further increases in daily pollination levels. Densities of colonies in the commercial greenhouses studied ranged from 7.6 to 19.8 colonies per hectare with a mean of 11.6 +/- 0.9. We found that an average activity of 2,000 bee trips per hectare per day was more than adequate to ensure sufficient pollination, and that this level of activity could be achieved with 7-15 colonies per hectare, depending on greenhouse conditions. Greenhouses requiring >15 colonies per hectare to achieve this level of pollination may be able to increase bee activity through alteration of greenhouse conditions. Across 50-m rows of tomato plants, levels of pollination decreased with increasing distance from bee colonies, suggesting that colonies should be evenly distributed throughout the greenhouses.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                agro
                Agrociencia Uruguay
                Agrociencia Uruguay
                Facultad de Agronomía - Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (Montevideo, , Uruguay )
                1510-0839
                2301-1548
                2020
                : 24
                : 1
                : e101
                Affiliations
                [1] Montevideo Montevideo orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Uruguay
                [2] orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Centro Universitario Regional Este Uruguay
                [3] Canelones orgnameInstituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria Uruguay
                Article
                S2301-15482020000102306 S2301-1548(20)02400102306
                10.31285/agro.24.101
                d15762e9-e90f-4e88-a1a2-af512090d534

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 June 2019
                : 07 October 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 34, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Uruguay

                Categories
                Articles

                Bombus spp,tomato,tomate,Uruguay,Uruguai,pollination,polinización,polinização

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