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      Ehrlichia: Advances in vaccines, diagnostics and pathobiology Translated title: Ehrlichia: Avances en vacunas,diagnóstico y patobiología

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          Abstract

          Ehrlichia spp. is responsible emerging human zoonoses and diseases of veterinary importance in the Americas. Ehrlichia chaffeensis emerged in North America in 1986 and new Ehrlichia spp. associated with human disease continue to emerge with the recent identification of an E. muris-like agent in Minnesota and Wisconsin in 2011. E. canis is prevalent throughout the Americas in dogs and has been associated with human disease in South America. The human ehrlichioses caused by all these erlichias together with E. ewingii, is an important public health problem. In the last years have been important advanced in vaccine development, immunodiagnostic and pathobiology of these diseases. However, is necessary the understanding of disease mechanisms of these emerging tick-transmitted pathogens in human and veterinary medicine.

          Translated abstract

          Ehrlichia spp. es responsable de una zoonosis humana emergente y una enfermedad veterinaria importante en las Américas. Ehrlichia chaffeensis emerge en Norte América en 1986 y nuevas erlichias asociadas con enfermedad humana continúan emergiendo junto con la identificación reciente de una E. muris-like en Minnesota y Wisconsin en el 2011. E. canis es prevalente en toda América en los perros y ha sido asociada con enfermedad humana en América del Sur. La erlichiosis humana causada por todas estas erlichias junto con E. ewingii, es un importante problema de salud pública. En años recientes se han descrito importantes avances en el desarrollo de la vacuna, inmuno-diagnóstico y la pato biología de estas enfermedades. Sin embargo es necesario entender por completo el mecanismo de la enfermedad producida por estos patógenos emergentes trasmitidos por garrapatas, tanto en humanos como a nivel de medicina veterinaria.

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          Most cited references34

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          Human infection with Ehrlichia canis accompanied by clinical signs in Venezuela.

          A total of 20 human patients with clinical signs compatible with human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), who were admitted to the emergency clinic in Lara State, Venezuela, were studied. Thirty percent (6/20) patients were positive for Ehrlichia canis 16S rRNA on gene-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Compared with the U.S. strains, 16S rRNA gene sequences from all six patients had the same base mutation as the sequence of the E. canis Venezuelan human Ehrlichia (VHE) strain previously isolated from an asymptomatic human. This study is the first report of E. canis infection of human patients with clinical signs of HME.
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            Emergence of a new pathogenic Ehrlichia species, Wisconsin and Minnesota, 2009.

            Ehrlichiosis is a clinically important, emerging zoonosis. Only Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. ewingii have been thought to cause ehrlichiosis in humans in the United States. Patients with suspected ehrlichiosis routinely undergo testing to ensure proper diagnosis and to ascertain the cause. We used molecular methods, culturing, and serologic testing to diagnose and ascertain the cause of cases of ehrlichiosis. On testing, four cases of ehrlichiosis in Minnesota or Wisconsin were found not to be from E. chaffeensis or E. ewingii and instead to be caused by a newly discovered ehrlichia species. All patients had fever, malaise, headache, and lymphopenia; three had thrombocytopenia; and two had elevated liver-enzyme levels. All recovered after receiving doxycycline treatment. At least 17 of 697 Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in Minnesota or Wisconsin were positive for the same ehrlichia species on polymerase-chain-reaction testing. Genetic analyses revealed that this new ehrlichia species is closely related to E. muris. We report a new ehrlichia species in Minnesota and Wisconsin and provide supportive clinical, epidemiologic, culture, DNA-sequence, and vector data. Physicians need to be aware of this newly discovered close relative of E. muris to ensure appropriate testing, treatment, and regional surveillance. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
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              Ehrlichia chaffeensis Transcriptome in Mammalian and Arthropod Hosts Reveals Differential Gene Expression and Post Transcriptional Regulation

              Background Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis is an emerging life-threatening zoonosis caused by obligately intracellular bacterium, Ehrlichia chaffeensis. E. chaffeensis is transmitted by the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum, and replicates in mononuclear phagocytes in mammalian hosts. Differences in the E. chaffeensis transcriptome in mammalian and arthropod hosts are unknown. Thus, we determined host-specific E. chaffeensis gene expression in human monocyte (THP-1) and in Amblyomma and Ixodes tick cell lines (AAE2 and ISE6) using a whole genome microarray. Methodology/Principal Findings The majority (∼80%) of E. chaffeensis genes were expressed during infection in human and tick cells. There were few differences observed in E. chaffeensis gene expression between the vector Amblyomma and non-vector Ixodes tick cells, but extensive host-specific and differential gene expression profiles were detected between human and tick cells, including higher transcriptional activity in tick cells and identification of gene subsets that were differentially expressed in the two hosts. Differentially and host-specifically expressed ehrlichial genes encoded major immunoreactive tandem repeat proteins (TRP), the outer membrane protein (OMP-1) family, and hypothetical proteins that were 30–80 amino acids in length. Consistent with previous observations, high expression of p28 and OMP-1B genes was detected in human and tick cells, respectively. Notably, E. chaffeensis genes encoding TRP32 and TRP47 were highly upregulated in the human monocytes and expressed as proteins; however, although TRP transcripts were expressed in tick cells, the proteins were not detected in whole cell lysates demonstrating that TRP expression was post transcriptionally regulated. Conclusions/Significance Ehrlichia gene expression is highly active in tick cells, and differential gene expression among a wide variety of host-pathogen associated genes occurs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that genes associated with host-pathogen interactions are differentially expressed and regulated by post transcriptional mechanisms.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                amc
                Acta Médica Costarricense
                Acta méd. costarric
                Colegio de Médicos y Cirujanos de Costa Rica (San José )
                0001-6012
                July 2013
                : 55
                : suppl 1
                : 41-44
                Article
                S0001-60022013000400009
                d183dcef-63f5-4998-b1b2-d854a3065dd2

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Costa Rica

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.sa.cr/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0001-6002&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Care Sciences & Services

                Health & Social care
                Ehrlichia,vaccine,diagnostic,pathobiology,vacunas,diagnóstico,patobiología
                Health & Social care
                Ehrlichia, vaccine, diagnostic, pathobiology, vacunas, diagnóstico, patobiología

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