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      Врожденный изолированный гипогонадотропный гипогонадизм: клинический и молекулярно-генетический полиморфизм Translated title: Molecular genetics and phenotypic features of congenital isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

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          Abstract

          Врожденный изолированный гипогонадотропный гипогонадизм — группа заболеваний, вызванных нарушением секреции, действия гонадотропин-рилизинг-гормона (ГнРГ) и гонадотропинов. В половине случаев врожденный гипогонадотропный гипогонадизм сочетается с нарушением обоняния и носит название синдрома Кальмана. В настоящее время известно, что развитие данной группы заболеваний связано с мутациями в 40 генах, ответственных за функционирование гипоталамо-гипофизарно-гонадной оси. Гетерогенность клинической картины этой группы заболеваний, в том числе и в лечении, в значительной степени обуславливается различной молекулярно-генетической основой. Однако клинические проявления при одинаковых молекулярно-генетических дефектах могут варьировать даже в пределах одной семьи при одной и той же молекулярно-генетической основе заболевания. Корреляция между фенотипическими особенностями и генотипом обуславливает приоритетность поиска мутаций в определенных генах при сочетании гипогонадизма с врожденными пороками развития. В обзоре представлены данные о существенном вкладе в гетерогенность клинической картины заболевания олигогенного наследования. Кроме того, в работе поднимается вопрос о необходимости пересмотра современного определения и классификации врожденного изолированного гипогонадизма с учетом развития заболевания при мутациях в генах, не ассоциированных с закладкой и функционированием ГнРГ-секретирующих нейронов.

          Translated abstract

          Congenital isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism includes a group of diseases related to the defects of secretion and action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH) and gonadotropins. In a half of cases congenital hypogonadism is associated with an impaired sense of smell. It’s named Kallmann syndrome. Now 40 genes are known to be associated with function of hypothalamus pituitary gland and gonads. Phenotypic features of hypogonadism and therapy effectiveness are related to different molecular defects. However clinical signs may vary even within the same family with the same molecular genetic defect. Genotype phenotype correlation in patients with congenital malformations prioritizes the search for mutations in candidate genes. There are data of significant contribution of oligogenicity into the phenotype of the disease are presented in the review. Moreover, an issue of current isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism definition and classification revision is raised in the review due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism development while there are mutations in genes not associated with GNRH neurons secretion and function.

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          Most cited references79

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          Expert consensus document: European Consensus Statement on congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism--pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.

          Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) is a rare disorder caused by the deficient production, secretion or action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which is the master hormone regulating the reproductive axis. CHH is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, with >25 different causal genes identified to date. Clinically, the disorder is characterized by an absence of puberty and infertility. The association of CHH with a defective sense of smell (anosmia or hyposmia), which is found in ∼50% of patients with CHH is termed Kallmann syndrome and results from incomplete embryonic migration of GnRH-synthesizing neurons. CHH can be challenging to diagnose, particularly when attempting to differentiate it from constitutional delay of puberty. A timely diagnosis and treatment to induce puberty can be beneficial for sexual, bone and metabolic health, and might help minimize some of the psychological effects of CHH. In most cases, fertility can be induced using specialized treatment regimens and several predictors of outcome have been identified. Patients typically require lifelong treatment, yet ∼10-20% of patients exhibit a spontaneous recovery of reproductive function. This Consensus Statement summarizes approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of CHH and discusses important unanswered questions in the field.
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            Loss-of-function mutations in FGFR1 cause autosomal dominant Kallmann syndrome.

            We took advantage of overlapping interstitial deletions at chromosome 8p11-p12 in two individuals with contiguous gene syndromes and defined an interval of roughly 540 kb associated with a dominant form of Kallmann syndrome, KAL2. We establish here that loss-of-function mutations in FGFR1 underlie KAL2 whereas a gain-of-function mutation in FGFR1 has been shown to cause a form of craniosynostosis. Moreover, we suggest that the KAL1 gene product, the extracellular matrix protein anosmin-1, is involved in FGF signaling and propose that the gender difference in anosmin-1 dosage (because KAL1 partially escapes X inactivation) explains the higher prevalence of the disease in males.
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              Effects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Probl Endokrinol (Mosk)
                Probl Endokrinol (Mosk)
                problendo
                Problems of Endocrinology
                Endocrinology Research Centre
                0375-9660
                2308-1430
                2021
                06 August 2021
                : 67
                : 4
                : 46-56
                Affiliations
                [-1]Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
                [-2]Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
                [-3]Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
                Article
                10.14341/probl12787
                9112933
                34533013
                d2352205-c3b8-4fa0-93b2-a285b8c3e72e
                Copyright © Endocrinology Research Centre, 2021

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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                Research Article

                синдром кальмана,нормосмический гипогонадотропный гипогонадизм,молекулярно-генетический полимфорфизм,олигогенность

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