Impact of the social context on the prognosis of Chagas disease patients: Multilevel analysis of a Brazilian cohort

Abstract

The present study aims to investigate how the social context contributes to the prognosis of Chagas disease (CD). This is a multilevel study that considered individual and contextual data. Individual data came from a Brazilian cohort study that followed 1,637 patients who lived in 21 municipalities to which CD is endemic, over two years. Contextual data were collected from official Brazilian government databases. The dependent variable was the occurrence of cardiovascular events in CD during the two-year follow-up, defined from the grouping of three possible combined events: death, development of atrial fibrillation, or pacemaker implantation. Analysis was performed using multilevel binary logistic regression. Among the individuals evaluated, 205 (12.5%) manifested cardiovascular events in CD during two years of follow-up. Individuals living in municipalities with a larger rural population had protection for these events (OR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.4–0.7), while those residing in municipalities with fewer physicians per thousand inhabitants (OR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.2–2.5) and those living in municipalities with lower Primary Health Care (PHC) coverage (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.1–2.1) had higher chances of experiencing cardiovascular events. Among the individual variables, the probability of experiencing cardiovascular events was higher for individuals aged over 60 years (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.01–2.2), with no stable relationship (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 0.98–2.1), without previous treatment with Benznidazole (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.98–2.9), with functional class limitation (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.4–2.9), with a QRS complex duration longer than 120 ms (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1–2.3), and in individuals with high NT-proBNP levels (OR = 6.4; 95% CI = 4.3–9.6). CONCLUSION: The present study showed that the occurrence of cardiovascular events in individuals with CD is determined by individual conditions that express the severity of cardiovascular involvement. However, these individual characteristics are not isolated protagonists of this outcome, and the context in which individuals live, are also determining factors for a worse clinical prognosis.

Author summary

Chagas disease (CD) is a serious public health problem in Latin America and has a strong social impact worldwide. Up to 30% of the infected people may have cardiac alterations, which are associated with a worse prognosis and with high mortality rates. The occurrence of CD is associated with contexts of social vulnerability. However, no studies have been identified that assessed whether unfavorable social contexts are related to the prognosis and evolution of CD, which is the purpose of our study. We evaluated 1,637 patients with CD who lived in 21 municipalities located in regions to which CD is endemic in Brazil, over a two-year period. Of these people, 12.5% ​​evolved into a worse prognosis. Our study revealed that socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals were not isolated protagonists of the evolution of CD. The context in which individuals lived was also a determining factor of a worse prognosis, including living in municipalities with a smaller rural population, fewer physicians, and a smaller Primary Health Care (PHC) coverage. Thus, we observed that characteristics related to the health care available in the municipalities influenced the evolution of CD. This knowledge has the potential to support health care planning that is more appropriate for the evolution of patients with CD, especially considering poor and remote regions.