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      Inflammatory cytokines and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in obese children and adolescents Translated title: Citocinas inflamatorias y enfermedades hepáticas grasas no alcohólicas (EHGNA) en niños y adolescentes obesos

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by the intrahepatic deposition of fat. It is the most prevalent liver disease in the world, affecting obese children and adolescents. Its pathophysiology is not fully understood, although it is often related to insulin resistance. This in turn would be due to an inflammatory condition common to obesity. Thus, the objective of this study was to describe the behavior of proinflammatory cytokines in obese children and adolescents, with and without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Method: A fasting venous blood sample was obtained of consecutive 90 obese individuals aged 8-18 years, of both sexes, for laboratory determinations of glycaemia, basal insulin and homeostasis model assessment insulin-resistance index, and the inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α), interleukins 2 and 6 (IL-2 and IL-6), interferon-gamma and high sensitive C-reactive protein. The clinical evaluation included weight, height and waist circumference. We used the body mass index/age indicator for the severity of overweight assessment. The degrees of steatosis were determined by ultrasonography. Quantitative and qualitative variables were respectively expressed by measures of central tendency/dispersion and simple/relative frequency, using Statistical Program for Social Sciences, version 20.0. A p-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: A total of 90 individuals were studied, with a mean age of 11.98 (2.72) years, of which 48 (53%) were male. The body mass index (BMI) for age (BMI/i) and sex (z-score) classified 38 (42.2%) participants as obese and 52 (57.7%) as severe obese; Hepatic steatosis was identified in 56 (62.2%) participants and approximately 90% of them presented grade I steatosis. The inflammatory markers TNF- α, and C-reactive protein were increased in the studied sample and correlated in a positive and statistically significant way with the index of body mass/age and sex. Conclusion: Hepatic steatosis was prevalent in the group of children and adolescents studied, but was not related to obesity degrees

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica se caracteriza por la deposición intrahepática de grasa. Es la enfermedad hepática más prevalente en el mundo y afecta a niños y adolescentes obesos. Su fisiopatología no se entiende completamente, aunque a menudo se relaciona con la resistencia a la insulina. Esto, a su vez, sería debido a una condición inflamatoria común a la obesidad. Así, el objetivo de este estudio fue describir el comportamiento de las citocinas proinflamatorias en niños y adolescentes obesos, con y sin enfermedad hepática grasa no alcohólica. Método: se obtuvo una muestra de sangre venosa en ayuno de 90 individuos obesos consecutivos, de 8 a 18 años, de ambos sexos, para las determinaciones de laboratorio de glucosa, insulina basal, resistencia a la insulina (homeostasis model assessment insulin-resistance index) y marcadores inflamatorios como TNF-alfa, interleucinas 2 y 6, interferón-gamma y proteína C-reactiva ultrasensible. La evaluación clínica incluyó peso, altura y circunferencia de la cintura. El indicador del índice de masa corporal para la edad (IMC/e) y sexo (z-score) evaluó la gravedad del exceso de peso. Los grados de esteatosis se determinaron por ecografía. Las variables cuantitativas y cualitativas se expresaron respectivamente mediante tendencia/dispersión central y frecuencia simple/relativa, utilizando el Programa Estadístico para Ciencias Sociales, versión 20.0. Se consideró significativo un valor p < 0,05. Resultados: fueron estudiados 90 pacientes con una media de edad de 11,98 (2,72) años, de los cuales 48 (53%) eran varones. Según IMC/e y sexo, 38 (42.2%) participantes fueron clasificados como obesos y 52 (57,7%), como obesos graves. La esteatosis hepática fue identificada en 56 (62,2%) participantes y aproximadamente el 90% de ellos presentaron esteatosis grado I. Los marcadores inflamatorios TNF-alfa y proteína C-reactiva estaban aumentados en la muestra estudiada y se correlacionaron de forma positiva y estadísticamente significativa con el IMC/e y sexo. Conclusión: la esteatosis hepática fue predominante en el grupo de niños y adolescentes estudiados, pero no se relacionó con los grados de obesidad.

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          Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents

          OBJECTIVE: To construct growth curves for school-aged children and adolescents that accord with the WHO Child Growth Standards for preschool children and the body mass index (BMI) cut-offs for adults. METHODS: Data from the 1977 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)/WHO growth reference (1-24 years) were merged with data from the under-fives growth standards' cross-sectional sample (18-71 months) to smooth the transition between the two samples. State-of-the-art statistical methods used to construct the WHO Child Growth Standards (0-5 years), i.e. the Box-Cox power exponential (BCPE) method with appropriate diagnostic tools for the selection of best models, were applied to this combined sample. FINDINGS: The merged data sets resulted in a smooth transition at 5 years for height-for-age, weight-for-age and BMI-for-age. For BMI-for-age across all centiles the magnitude of the difference between the two curves at age 5 years is mostly 0.0 kg/m² to 0.1 kg/m². At 19 years, the new BMI values at +1 standard deviation (SD) are 25.4 kg/m² for boys and 25.0 kg/m² for girls. These values are equivalent to the overweight cut-off for adults (> 25.0 kg/m²). Similarly, the +2 SD value (29.7 kg/m² for both sexes) compares closely with the cut-off for obesity (> 30.0 kg/m²). CONCLUSION: The new curves are closely aligned with the WHO Child Growth Standards at 5 years, and the recommended adult cut-offs for overweight and obesity at 19 years. They fill the gap in growth curves and provide an appropriate reference for the 5 to 19 years age group.
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            Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus

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              Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ.

              Adipose tissue is a complex, essential, and highly active metabolic and endocrine organ. Besides adipocytes, adipose tissue contains connective tissue matrix, nerve tissue, stromovascular cells, and immune cells. Together these components function as an integrated unit. Adipose tissue not only responds to afferent signals from traditional hormone systems and the central nervous system but also expresses and secretes factors with important endocrine functions. These factors include leptin, other cytokines, adiponectin, complement components, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, proteins of the renin-angiotensin system, and resistin. Adipose tissue is also a major site for metabolism of sex steroids and glucocorticoids. The important endocrine function of adipose tissue is emphasized by the adverse metabolic consequences of both adipose tissue excess and deficiency. A better understanding of the endocrine function of adipose tissue will likely lead to more rational therapy for these increasingly prevalent disorders. This review presents an overview of the endocrine functions of adipose tissue.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                February 2018
                : 35
                : 1
                : 78-83
                Affiliations
                [1] Salvador, Bahia Bahia orgnameUniversidade Federal da Bahia Brazil
                [2] Salvador, Bahia Bahia orgnameUniversidade Federal da Bahia Brazil
                Article
                S0212-16112018000100078 S0212-1611(18)03500100078
                10.20960/nh.1317
                29565153
                d39afd07-c43e-4e82-8dc8-df6cda96fef3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 June 2017
                : 01 June 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Niño,Hígado graso,Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,Obesity,Adolescente,Enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico,Fatty liver,Obesidad,Children,Adolescents

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