The goals of this study were to test the effects of exogenous hormones and hibernation
on breeding behavior and gamete release by boreal toads (Bufo boreas boreas). Each
year, a subset of 77 toads was hibernated and then paired with hibernated or nonhibernated
mates and treated with luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analogue (LHRHa), human
chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), or left untreated. Amplexus and egg and sperm production
were recorded. At 1 yr of age, only 19% of pairs exhibited amplexus, and no sperm
or eggs were produced. At 2 and 3 yr of age, most male toads treated with LHRHa exhibited
amplexus (56.9% and 100%, respectively). Among 2-yr-old males, amplexus was more prevalent
(P<0.05) in those that were hibernated than in those that were nonhibernated (54.0%
and 33.3%, respectively), but most males in each group (93.3% and 75%, respectively)
produced sperm in response to LHRHa treatment. Only one 2-yr-old and two 3-yr-old
females produced eggs. At 4 yr of age, eight females produced eggs, but two died from
egg retention. More nonhibernated than hibernated females developed eggs (7 of 10
vs. 1 of 10, P<0.05). Mean (+/-SD) weight of female toads producing eggs (58.9 +/-
11.9g) was greater (P<0.05) than that of nonproducing females (43.6 +/- 7.0g). Similarly,
four of seven nonhibernated females (58.8+/-8.3g) produced eggs at 5 yr of age. All
eggs were produced by females treated once with LHRHa. Number of eggs per female varied
(141 to 3307), and development to tadpoles was low (0 to 36.5%), although tadpoles
did become toadlets. In conclusion, male and female boreal toads matured at 2 and
4 yr of age, respectively, and heavier females were more likely to produce eggs. To
enhance breeding success, males should be hibernated and treated with LHRHa. In contrast,
female productivity was enhanced by improving their body condition instead of subjecting
them to hibernation prior to LHRHa treatment.
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