Nipah Virus Infection in Dogs, Malaysia, 1999

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Abstract

The 1999 outbreak of Nipah virus encephalitis in humans and pigs in Peninsular Malaysia ended with the evacuation of humans and culling of pigs in the epidemic area. Serologic screening showed that, in the absence of infected pigs, dogs were not a secondary reservoir for Nipah virus.

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Most cited references 9

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The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses.

Truman Young, Edward Hall, Michael MacKenzie … (2001)

Pteropid bats (flying foxes), species of which are the probable natural host of both Hendra and Nipah viruses, occur in overlapping populations from India to Australia. Ecological changes associated with land use and with animal husbandry practices appear most likely to be associated with the emergence of these two agents.

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Nipah virus infection of pigs in peninsular Malaysia.

N. Mohd Nor, Victor Gan, B Ong (2000)

Between late 1998 and 1999, the spread of a new disease of pigs, characterized by a pronounced respiratory and neurological syndrome, sometimes accompanied by the sudden death of sows and boars, was recorded in pig farms in peninsular Malaysia. The disease appeared to have a close association with an epidemic of viral encephalitis among workers on pig farms. A previously unrecognised paramyxovirus was later identified from this outbreak; this virus was related to, but distinct from, the Hendra virus discovered in Australia in 1994. The new virus was named 'Nipah' and was confirmed by molecular characterization to be the agent responsible for the disease in both humans and pigs. The name proposed for the new pig disease was 'porcine respiratory and neurological syndrome' (also known as 'porcine respiratory and encephalitis syndrome'), or, in peninsular Malaysia, 'barking pig syndrome'. The authors describe the new disease and provide the epidemiological findings recorded among infected pigs. In addition, the control programmes which were instituted to contain the virus in the national swine herd are outlined.

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Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, during a 1998-1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in Malaysia.

M. Radzi, Reem A Mustafa, F Ong … (2000)

An outbreak of encephalitis affecting 265 patients (105 fatally) occurred during 1998-1999 in Malaysia and was linked to a new paramyxovirus, Nipah, that infected pigs, humans, dogs, and cats. Most patients were pig farmers. Clinically undetected Nipah infection was noted in 10 (6%) of 166 community-farm controls (persons from farms without reported encephalitis patients) and 20 (11%) of 178 case-farm controls (persons from farms with encephalitis patients). Case patients (persons with Nipah infection) were more likely than community-farm controls to report increased numbers of sick/dying pigs on the farm (59% vs. 24%, P=.001) and were more likely than case-farm controls to perform activities requiring direct contact with pigs (86% vs. 50%, P=.005). Only 8% of case patients reported no contact with pigs. The outbreak stopped after pigs in the affected areas were slaughtered and buried. Direct, close contact with pigs was the primary source of human Nipah infection, but other sources, such as infected dogs and cats, cannot be excluded.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Emerg Infect Dis

Journal ID (publisher-id): EID

Title: Emerging Infectious Diseases

Publisher: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

ISSN (Print): 1080-6040

ISSN (Electronic): 1080-6059

Publication date (Print): June 2009

Volume: 15

Issue: 6

Pages: 950-952

Affiliations

[1]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (J.N. Mills, B.R. Amman, P.C. Stockton, T.G. Ksiazek)

[2]Regional Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia (A.N.M. Alim)

[3]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA (M.L. Bunning)

[4]Office of the Surgeon General, Washington, DC, USA (M.L. Bunning)

[5]Department of Veterinary Services, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (O.B. Lee)

[6]Ithaca College, Ithaca, New York, USA (K.D. Wagoner)

Author notes

Address for correspondence: James N. Mills, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop G14, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA; email: jmills@ 123456cdc.gov

Article

Publisher ID: 08-0453

DOI: 10.3201/eid1506.080453

PMC ID: 2727347

PubMed ID: 19523300

SO-VID: d4872391-7bd1-44b7-9510-48fefaa43be7

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Nipah Virus Infection in Dogs, Malaysia, 1999

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Abstract

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Zoonoses

Most cited references 9

The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses.

Nipah virus infection of pigs in peninsular Malaysia.

Case-control study of risk factors for human infection with a new zoonotic paramyxovirus, Nipah virus, during a 1998-1999 outbreak of severe encephalitis in Malaysia.

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Cited by 24

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