Virus free induction of pluripotency and subsequent excision of reprogramming factors

Abstract

Reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency, thereby creating induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, promises to transform regenerative medicine. Most instances of direct reprogramming have been achieved by forced expression of defined factors using multiple viral vectors 1- 7. However, such iPS cells contain a large number of viral vector integrations 1, 8, any one of which could cause unpredictable genetic dysfunction. While c-Myc is dispensable for reprogramming 9, 10, complete elimination of the other exogenous factors is also desired since ectopic expression of either Oct4 or Klf4 can induce dysplasia 11, 12. Two transient transfection reprogramming methods have been published to address this issue 13, 14. However, the efficiency of either approach is extremely low, and neither has thus far been applied successfully to human cells. Here we show that non-viral transfection of a single multiprotein expression vector, which comprises the coding sequences of c-Myc​,​ Klf4​,​ Oct4 and Sox2 linked with 2A peptides, can reprogram both mouse and human fibroblasts. Moreover, the transgene can be removed once reprogramming has been achieved. iPS cells produced with this non-viral vector show robust expression of pluripotency markers, indicating a reprogrammed state confirmed functionally by in vitro differentiation assays and formation of adult chimeric mice. When the single vector reprogramming system was combined with a piggyBac transposon 15, 16 we succeeded in establishing reprogrammed human cell lines from embryonic fibroblasts with robust expression of pluripotency markers. This system minimizes genome modification in iPS cells and enables complete elimination of exogenous reprogramming factors, efficiently providing iPS cells that are applicable to regenerative medicine, drug screening and the establishment of disease models.