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      Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel

      review-article
      1 , , 2 , , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 6 , 5 , 4 , 15 , 16 , 16 , 3 , 1 , 1 , 17 , 18 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21
      Photosynthesis Research
      Springer Netherlands
      Chl a fluorescence, Delayed fluorescence, Photochemical quenching, Energy partitioning, Area

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          Abstract

          Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122:121–158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additional Chl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. Examples are the effect of connectivity on photochemical quenching, the correction of F V / F M values for PSI fluorescence, the energy partitioning concept, the interpretation of the complementary area, probing the donor side of PSII, the assignment of bands of 77 K fluorescence emission spectra to fluorescence emitters, the relationship between prompt and delayed fluorescence, potential problems when sampling tree canopies, the use of fluorescence parameters in QTL studies, the use of Chl a fluorescence in biosensor applications and the application of neural network approaches for the analysis of fluorescence measurements. The answers draw on knowledge from different Chl a fluorescence analysis domains, yielding in several cases new insights.

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          Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthesis: The Basics

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            Chlorophyll fluorescence analysis: a guide to good practice and understanding some new applications.

            Chlorophyll fluorescence is a non-invasive measurement of photosystem II (PSII) activity and is a commonly used technique in plant physiology. The sensitivity of PSII activity to abiotic and biotic factors has made this a key technique not only for understanding the photosynthetic mechanisms but also as a broader indicator of how plants respond to environmental change. This, along with low cost and ease of collecting data, has resulted in the appearance of a large array of instrument types for measurement and calculated parameters which can be bewildering for the new user. Moreover, its accessibility can lead to misuse and misinterpretation when the underlying photosynthetic processes are not fully appreciated. This review is timely because it sits at a point of renewed interest in chlorophyll fluorescence where fast measurements of photosynthetic performance are now required for crop improvement purposes. Here we help the researcher make choices in terms of protocols using the equipment and expertise available, especially for field measurements. We start with a basic overview of the principles of fluorescence analysis and provide advice on best practice for taking pulse amplitude-modulated measurements. We also discuss a number of emerging techniques for contemporary crop and ecology research, where we see continual development and application of analytical techniques to meet the new challenges that have arisen in recent years. We end the review by briefly discussing the emerging area of monitoring fluorescence, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, field phenotyping, and remote sensing of crops for yield and biomass enhancement.
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              Continuous recording of photochemical and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching with a new type of modulation fluorometer.

              A newly developed fluorescence measuring system is employed for the recording of chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics (Kautsky-effect) and for the continuous determination of the photochemical and non-photochemical components of fluorescence quenching. The measuring system, which is based on a pulse modulation principle, selectively monitors the fluorescence yield of a weak measuring beam and is not affected even by extremely high intensities of actinic light. By repetitive application of short light pulses of saturating intensity, the fluorescence yield at complete suppression of photochemical quenching is repetitively recorded, allowing the determination of continuous plots of photochemical quenching and non-photochemical quenching. Such plots are compared with the time courses of variable fluorescence at different intensities of actinic illumination. The differences between the observed kinetics are discussed. It is shown that the modulation fluorometer, in combination with the application of saturating light pulses, provides essential information beyond that obtained with conventional chlorophyll fluorometers.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                hazem@kalaji.pl
                gert.schansker@gmail.com
                marian.brestic@uniag.sk
                filippo.bussotti@unifi.it
                calatayud_ang@gva.es
                lorenzo.ferroni@unife.it
                goltsev@gmail.com , goltsev@biofac.uni-sofia.bg
                lucia.guidi@unipi.it
                anjanajajoo@hotmail.com
                Lipm@nwsuaf.edu.cn
                pasquale.losciale@crea.gov.it
                mishravkbhu@gmail.com
                misraan@yahoo.co.uk , misra.amarendra@gmail.com
                sergonne@bvg.upv.es
                simonetta.pancaldi@unife.it
                penella_con@gva.es
                martina.pollastrini@unifi.it
                sureshkancherla@rediffmail.com
                tambussi35@yahoo.es
                marcosyanniccari@conicet.gov.ar
                marek.zivcak@uniag.sk
                stirbet@verizon.net
                katarina.olsovska@uniag.sk
                xkunderlikov@is.uniag.sk
                shelonzek@gmail.com
                rusinowski@ietu.katowice.pl
                wojciech.baba12@gmail.com
                Journal
                Photosynth Res
                Photosyn. Res
                Photosynthesis Research
                Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                0166-8595
                1573-5079
                4 November 2016
                4 November 2016
                2017
                : 132
                : 1
                : 13-66
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1955 7966, GRID grid.13276.31, Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, , Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, ; Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
                [2 ]Wesemlinstrasse 58, 6006 Lucerne, Switzerland
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2296 2655, GRID grid.15227.33, Department of Plant Physiology, , Slovak Agricultural University, ; Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1757 2304, GRID grid.8404.8, Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, , University of Florence, ; Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9605 0555, GRID grid.419276.f, Departamento de Horticultura, , Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, ; Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km 4.5., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1757 2064, GRID grid.8484.0, Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, , University of Ferrara, ; Corso Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2192 3275, GRID grid.11355.33, Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, , St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, ; 8 Dr.Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
                [8 ]Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0503 9107, GRID grid.412015.3, School of Life Sciences, , Devi Ahilya University, ; Indore, M.P. 452 001 India
                [10 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1760 4150, GRID grid.144022.1, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, , Northwest A&F University, ; Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
                [11 ]Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria [Research Unit for Agriculture in Dry Environments], 70125 Bari, Italy
                [12 ]Department of Biotechnology, Doon (P.G.) College of Agriculture Science, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
                [13 ]GRID grid.448765.c, Centre for Life Sciences, , Central University of Jharkhand, ; Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Ranchi, 835205 India
                [14 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1770 5832, GRID grid.157927.f, Departamento de Producción vegetal, , Universitat Politècnica de València, ; Camino de Vera sn., 46022 Valencia, Spain
                [15 ]GRID grid.464813.c, , ICAR – Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, ; Pedavegi, West Godavari Dt., Andhra Pradesh 534 450 India
                [16 ]Institute of Plant Physiology, INFIVE (Universidad Nacional de La Plata — Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Diagonal 113 N°495, CC 327, La Plata, Argentina
                [17 ]204 Anne Burras Lane, Newport News, VA 23606 USA
                [18 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2296 2655, GRID grid.15227.33, Department of Plant Physiology, , Slovak University of Agriculture, ; A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovak Republic
                [19 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2259 4135, GRID grid.11866.38, Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, , University of Silesia, ; ul. Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
                [20 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0446 6422, GRID grid.418673.f, , Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, ; Kossutha 6, 40-844 Katowice, Poland
                [21 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2162 9631, GRID grid.5522.0, Department of Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany, , Jagiellonian University, ; Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland
                Article
                318
                10.1007/s11120-016-0318-y
                5357263
                27815801
                d5768bd8-0372-4dfc-93ad-b5b25b9bd602
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 26 June 2016
                : 17 October 2016
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                Review
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                © Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2017

                Plant science & Botany
                chl a fluorescence,delayed fluorescence,photochemical quenching,energy partitioning,area

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