Biotechnological production of glycolic acid and ethylene glycol: current state and perspectives

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Abstract

Glycolic acid (GA) and ethylene glycol (EG) are versatile two-carbon organic chemicals used in multiple daily applications. GA and EG are currently produced by chemical synthesis, but their biotechnological production from renewable resources has received a substantial interest. Several different metabolic pathways by using genetically modified microorganisms, such as Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum and yeast have been established for their production. As a result, the yield of GA and EG produced from sugars has been significantly improved. Here, we describe the recent advancement in metabolic engineering efforts focusing on metabolic pathways and engineering strategies used for GA and EG production.

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One-step fermentative production of poly(lactate-co-glycolate) from carbohydrates in Escherichia coli.

So Choi, Si Park, Won Jun Kim … (2016)

Poly(lactate-co-glycolate) (PLGA) is a widely used biodegradable and biocompatible synthetic polymer. Here we report one-step fermentative production of PLGA in engineered Escherichia coli harboring an evolved polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthase that polymerizes D-lactyl-CoA and glycolyl-CoA into PLGA. Introduction of the Dahms pathway enables production of glycolate from xylose. Deletion of ptsG enables simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose. An evolved propionyl-CoA transferase converts D-lactate and glycolate to D-lactyl-CoA and glycolyl-CoA, respectively. Deletion of adhE, frdB, pflB and poxB prevents by-product formation. We also demonstrate modulation of the monomer fractions in PLGA by overexpressing ldhA and deleting dld to increase the proportion of D-lactate or by deleting aceB, glcB, glcD, glcE, glcF and glcG to increase the proportion of glycolate. Incorporation of 2-hydroxybutyrate is prevented by deleting ilvA or feeding strains with L-isoleucine. The utility of our approach for generating diverse forms of PLGA is shown by the production of copolymers containing 3-hydroxybutyrate, 4-hydroxybutyrate or 2-hydroxyisovalerate.

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Genetic analysis of a novel pathway for D-xylose metabolism in Caulobacter crescentus.

Urs Jenal, Craig Stephens, K. Watanabe … (2007)

Genetic data suggest that the oligotrophic freshwater bacterium Caulobacter crescentus metabolizes D-xylose through a pathway yielding alpha-ketoglutarate, comparable to the recently described L-arabinose degradation pathway of Azospirillum brasilense. Enzymes of the C. crescentus pathway, including an NAD(+)-dependent xylose dehydrogenase, are encoded in the xylose-inducible xylXABCD operon (CC0823-CC0819).

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Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for the production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid from glucose and xylose.

Zhen Zhen Chen, Jinhai Huang, Yao Wu … (2017)

3-Hydroxypropionic acid (3-HP) is a promising platform chemical which can be used for the production of various value-added chemicals. In this study,Corynebacterium glutamicum was metabolically engineered to efficiently produce 3-HP from glucose and xylose via the glycerol pathway. A functional 3-HP synthesis pathway was engineered through a combination of genes involved in glycerol synthesis (fusion of gpd and gpp from Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and 3-HP production (pduCDEGH from Klebsiella pneumoniae and aldehyde dehydrogenases from various resources). High 3-HP yield was achieved by screening of active aldehyde dehydrogenases and by minimizing byproduct synthesis (gapAA1GΔldhAΔpta-ackAΔpoxBΔglpK). Substitution of phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent glucose uptake system (PTS) by inositol permeases (iolT1) and glucokinase (glk) further increased 3-HP production to 38.6g/L, with the yield of 0.48g/g glucose. To broaden its substrate spectrum, the engineered strain was modified to incorporate the pentose transport gene araE and xylose catabolic gene xylAB, allowing for the simultaneous utilization of glucose and xylose. Combination of these genetic manipulations resulted in an engineered C. glutamicum strain capable of producing 62.6g/L 3-HP at a yield of 0.51g/g glucose in fed-batch fermentation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest titer and yield of 3-HP from sugar. This is also the first report for the production of 3-HP from xylose, opening the way toward 3-HP production from abundant lignocellulosic feedstocks.

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Contributors

Laura Salusjärvi:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2265-6778

+358 40 6731208 , laura.salusjarvi@vtt.fi

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol

Title: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )

ISSN (Print): 0175-7598

ISSN (Electronic): 1432-0614

Publication date (Electronic): 1 February 2019

Publication date PMC-release: 1 February 2019

Publication date (Print): 2019

Volume: 103

Issue: 6

Pages: 2525-2535

Affiliations

ISNI 0000 0004 0400 1852, GRID grid.6324.3, Solutions for Natural Resources and Environment, , VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, ; Tietotie 2, P.O. Box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland

Author information

Laura Salusjärvi http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2265-6778

Article

Publisher ID: 9640

DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09640-2

PMC ID: 6443609

PubMed ID: 30707252

SO-VID: d57effe2-3553-4d5f-9a39-8a7cbed82c4a

License:

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

History

Date received : 4 September 2018

Date revision received : 8 January 2019

Date accepted : 9 January 2019

Funding

Funded by: Academy of Finland

Award ID: 118573

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Biotechnology

Keywords: glycolic acid,ethylene glycol,d-xylose,glyoxylate shunt,d-xylulose-1-phosphate pathway,d-ribulose-1-phosphate pathway,l-xylulose-1-phosphate pathway,dahms pathway,serine pathway,metabolic engineering,biotechnology,biorefinery

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Biotechnology

Keywords: glycolic acid, ethylene glycol, d-xylose, glyoxylate shunt, d-xylulose-1-phosphate pathway, d-ribulose-1-phosphate pathway, l-xylulose-1-phosphate pathway, dahms pathway, serine pathway, metabolic engineering, biotechnology, biorefinery

Biotechnological production of glycolic acid and ethylene glycol: current state and perspectives

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Most cited references 37

One-step fermentative production of poly(lactate-co-glycolate) from carbohydrates in Escherichia coli.

Genetic analysis of a novel pathway for D-xylose metabolism in Caulobacter crescentus.

Metabolic engineering of Corynebacterium glutamicum for the production of 3-hydroxypropionic acid from glucose and xylose.

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