13 C values of glycolytic amino acids as indicators of carbohydrate utilization in carnivorous fish

There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

Abstract

Background

Stable isotope analysis of single amino acids (AA) is usually applied in food web studies for tracing biosynthetic origins of AA carbon backbones and establishing trophic positions of consumers, but the method is also showing promise for characterizing quantity and quality of dietary lipids and carbohydrates.

Methods

To investigate whether changes in high- and low-digestible carbohydrates affect δ ¹³C values of glycolytic AA, i.e., AA carbon backbones sourced from the glycolytic pathway, we compared Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) from a feeding experiment with and without dietary inclusion of the red macroalga Palmaria palmata. The Control and experimental diets had similar relative proportions of macronutrients, but their ingredients differed; in the experimental treatment, 15% Palmaria inclusion substituted proteins from fishmeal and carbohydrates from corn starch.

Results

We found that ¹³C values of the glycolytic AA were highly sensitive to substitution of corn starch with Palmaria. The δ ¹³C offsets of glycolytic AA between salmon and their diets were significantly greater in the Palmaria inclusion than Control treatment. This greater offset can be attributed to the different utilization of high- vs. low-digestible carbohydrate sources, i.e., corn starch vs. Palmaria, in the two treatments, and metabolic routing of dietary lipids. In addition, similar δ ¹³C values of essential AA between treatments indicate similar nutrient assimilation efficiency for all terrestrial (pea protein concentrate and wheat gluten meal) and marine (fishmeal and red alga) derived protein sources. These results show that δ ¹³C _AA analysis is a promising tool for improving our understanding of how carnivorous fish utilize macronutrient and route metabolic intermediates to tissue.

Related collections

Most cited references 45

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: found

Is Open Access

A high-resolution map of the gut microbiota in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): A basis for comparative gut microbial research

Karina Gajardo, Ana Rodiles, Trond Kortner … (2016)

Gut health challenges, possibly related to alterations in gut microbiota, caused by plant ingredients in the diets, cause losses in Atlantic salmon production. To investigate the role of the microbiota for gut function and health, detailed characterization of the gut microbiota is needed. We present the first in-depth characterization of salmon gut microbiota based on high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene’s V1-V2 region. Samples were taken from five intestinal compartments: digesta from proximal, mid and distal intestine and of mucosa from mid and distal intestine of 67.3 g salmon kept in seawater (12–14 °C) and fed a commercial diet for 4 weeks. Microbial richness and diversity differed significantly and were higher in the digesta than the mucosa. In mucosa, Proteobacteria dominated the microbiota (90%), whereas in digesta both Proteobacteria (47%) and Firmicutes (38%) showed high abundance. Future studies of diet and environmental impacts on gut microbiota should therefore differentiate between effects on mucosa and digesta in the proximal, mid and the distal intestine. A core microbiota, represented by 22 OTUs, was found in 80% of the samples. The gut microbiota of Atlantic salmon showed similarities with that of mammals.

0 comments Cited 125 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Dispensable and indispensable amino acids for humans.

Peter J. Reeds (2000)

Here, we compared the traditional nutritional definition of the dispensable and indispensable amino acids for humans with categorizations based on amino acid metabolism and function. The three views lead to somewhat different interpretations. From a nutritional perspective, it is quite clear that some amino acids are absolute dietary necessities if normal growth is to be maintained. Even so, growth responses to deficiencies of dispensable amino acids can be found in the literature. From a strictly metabolic perspective, there are only three indispensable amino acids (lysine, threonine and tryptophan) and two dispensable amino acids (glutamate and serine). In addition, a consideration of in vivo amino acid metabolism leads to the definition of a third class of amino acids, termed conditionally essential, whose synthesis can be carried out by mammals but can be limited by a variety of factors. These factors include the dietary supply of the appropriate precursors and the maturity and health of the individual. From a functional perspective, all amino acids are essential, and an argument in favor of the idea of the critical importance of nonessential and conditionally essential amino acids to physiological function is developed.

0 comments Cited 100 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: found

Is Open Access

Marine macroalgae as sources of protein and bioactive compounds in feed for monogastric animals

Margareth Øverland, Liv Mydland, Anders Skrede (2018)

Abstract Marine macroalgae are considered as promising sustainable alternatives to conventional terrestrial animal feed resources. The advantages include high growth rate, potential cultivation in saltwater, and no occupation of arable land. Macroalgae are broadly classified as brown (Phaeophyta), red (Rhodophyta) and green (Chlorophyta) algae, and are a diverse group of marine organisms. The nutritional value of macroalgae is highly variable. The protein and essential amino acid content can be low, especially in brown species, and indigestible polysaccharides adversely affect the energy value. Optimal use of macroalgae in feeds requires suitable processing, and biorefinery approaches may increase protein content and improve nutrient availability. Macroalgae are rich in unique bioactive components and there is a growing interest in the potentially beneficial health effects of compounds such as laminarin and fucoidan in different macroalgal and macroalgal products. This review summarizes current literature on different aspects of the use of macroalgae as sources of protein and health‐promoting bioactive compounds in feed for monogastric animal species. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

0 comments Cited 90 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

All references

Author and article information

Contributors

Yiming V. Wang

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): PeerJ

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PeerJ

Journal ID (publisher-id): peerj

Journal ID (pmc): peerj

Title: PeerJ

Publisher: PeerJ Inc. (San Diego, USA )

ISSN (Electronic): 2167-8359

Publication date (Electronic): 18 September 2019

Publication date Collection: 2019

Volume: 7

Electronic Location Identifier: e7701

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History , Jena, Germany

[2 ]Aquaculture Nutrition and Aquafeed Research Unit and Irish Seaweed Research Group, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland , Galway, Ireland

[3 ]Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo, Norway

Article

Publisher ID: 7701

DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7701

PMC ID: 6754727

SO-VID: d5d9bf87-3ddd-410b-8764-b7bc4946eed8

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

History

Date received : 15 June 2019

Date accepted : 19 August 2019

Funding

Funded by: Cluster of Excellence 80 “The Future Ocean”

Funded by: Excellence Initiative by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) on behalf of the German federal and state governments

Funded by: German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)

Award ID: 03F0722A

Funded by: BMBF

Award ID: 07F00805A

Funded by: Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Ireland

Award ID: MFFRI/07/01

This work was supported by the Cluster of Excellence 80 “The Future Ocean”. The “Future Ocean” is funded within the framework of the Excellence Initiative by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) on behalf of the German federal and state governments. Yiming V. Wang was supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) [grant No. 03F0722A] during 2017–2018. Thomas Larsen is supported by BMBF [grant No. 07F00805A]. Alex H.L. Wan was supported by Grant-Aid [Agreement No. MFFRI/07/01] under the Sea Change Strategy with the support of the Marine Institute and also National Development Plan 2007–2013 grant to the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Ireland. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.