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      Evaluation and Validation of IBA I'MatriXX Array for Patient-Specific Quality Assurance of TomoTherapy ®

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          Abstract

          TomoTherapy ® is a modern radiation treatment technique in which intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is delivered in helical fashion. A two-dimensional (2D) array which has been existing for IMRT patient-specific quality assurance (PSQA) verifications for many years is I'MatriXX. Our objectives were to validate this I'MatriXX and to evaluate it for different patient sites and fractionation schedules of TomoTherapy treatment. Twenty-five plans were created with virtual target for different possible pitch values and field widths for validation. Gamma index criteria of 3%/2% dose differences and 3/2 mm distance to agreement were used. QA plans of 26 different treatment sites and different fractionation schedules were used. Results indicated that the matrix response is independent of field width, pitch, and modulation factor of TomoTherapy with 3%, 3 mm criteria. High passing rate ranging from 99.7% to 90.7% was observed for selected patient plans. We found that I'MatriXX 2D array can be utilized for easy and quick TomoTherapy PSQA.

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          A 2-D diode array and analysis software for verification of intensity modulated radiation therapy delivery.

          An analysis is made of a two-dimensional array of diodes that can be used for measuring dose generated in a plane by a radiation beam. This measuring device is the MapCHECK Model 1175 (Sun Nuclear, Melbourne, FL). This device has 445 N-type diodes in a 22 x 22 cm2 2-D array with variable spacing. The entire array of diodes is easily calibrated to allow for measurements in absolute dose. For IMRT quality assurance, each beam is measured individually with the beam central axis oriented perpendicular to the plane of diodes. Software is available to do the analytical comparison of measurements versus dose distributions calculated by a treatment planning system. Comparison criteria of percent difference and distance-to-agreement are defined by the operator. Data are presented that show the diode array has linear response when beam fluence changes by over 300-fold, which is typical of the level of modulation in intensity modulated radiation therapy, IMRT, beams. A linear dependence is also shown for a 100-fold change in monitors units delivered. Methods for how this device can be used in the clinic for quality assurance of IMRT fields are described. Measurements of typical IMRT beams that are modulated by compensators and MLCs are presented with comparisons to treatment planning system dose calculations. A time analysis is done for typical IMRT quality assurance measurements. The setup, calibration, and analysis time for the 2-D diode array are on the order of 20 min, depending on numbers of fields. This is significantly less time than required to do similar analysis with radiographic film. The 2-D diode array is ideal for per-plan quality assurance after an IMRT system is fully commissioned.
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            Accurate skin dose measurements using radiochromic film in clinical applications.

            Megavoltage x-ray beams exhibit the well-known phenomena of dose buildup within the first few millimeters of the incident phantom surface, or the skin. Results of the surface dose measurements, however, depend vastly on the measurement technique employed. Our goal in this study was to determine a correction procedure in order to obtain an accurate skin dose estimate at the clinically relevant depth based on radiochromic film measurements. To illustrate this correction, we have used as a reference point a depth of 70 micron. We used the new GAFCHROMIC dosimetry films (HS, XR-T, and EBT) that have effective points of measurement at depths slightly larger than 70 micron. In addition to films, we also used an Attix parallel-plate chamber and a home-built extrapolation chamber to cover tissue-equivalent depths in the range from 4 micron to 1 mm of water-equivalent depth. Our measurements suggest that within the first millimeter of the skin region, the PDD for a 6 MV photon beam and field size of 10 x 10 cm2 increases from 14% to 43%. For the three GAFCHROMIC dosimetry film models, the 6 MV beam entrance skin dose measurement corrections due to their effective point of measurement are as follows: 15% for the EBT, 15% for the HS, and 16% for the XR-T model GAFCHROMIC films. The correction factors for the exit skin dose due to the build-down region are negligible. There is a small field size dependence for the entrance skin dose correction factor when using the EBT GAFCHROMIC film model. Finally, a procedure that uses EBT model GAFCHROMIC film for an accurate measurement of the skin dose in a parallel-opposed pair 6 MV photon beam arrangement is described.
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              Characterization of a 2D ion chamber array for the verification of radiotherapy treatments.

              In this study we investigated the characteristics of a commercial ion chamber array and its performance in the verification of radiotherapy plans. The device was the 2D Array Seven29 model (PTW, Freiburg, Germany). This is a two-dimensional detector array with 729 ionization chambers uniformly arranged in a 27 x 27 matrix with an active area of 27 x 27 cm(2). The detector short-, medium- and long-term reproducibility have been tested through an extensive set of repeated measurements. Short-term reproducibility was well within 0.2%. Medium- and long-term reproducibility were within 1%, including set-up reproducibility errors and linac output fluctuations. Dose linearity was also assessed. The system response to dose was verified to be linear within the range 2-500 MU. Output factors matched very well pinpoint chamber measurements performed in the same experimental conditions with a maximum local percentage difference of 0.4%. Furthermore, the 2D Array sensitivity to millimetric collimator positional changes and to perturbation effect of irradiated area was tested. The comparison with ion chamber data carried out in water was very satisfying. Finally, measurements of wedge-modulated fields and IMRT beam sequence matched very well ion chamber dose profiles acquired in a water tank. The extensive tests performed in this investigation show that the 2D Array Seven29 is a reliable and accurate dosimeter and that it could be a useful tool for the quality assurance and the verification of radiotherapy plans.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Med Phys
                J Med Phys
                JMP
                Journal of Medical Physics
                Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )
                0971-6203
                1998-3913
                Jul-Sep 2019
                : 44
                : 3
                : 222-227
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Radiotherapy, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
                [1 ]Department of Radiotherapy, Government Medical College and General Hospital, Anantapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. N. V. N. Madhusudhana Sresty, Department of Radiotherapy, Basavatarakam Indo American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Road No. 14, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad - 500 034, Telangana, India. E-mail: srestybarc@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                JMP-44-222
                10.4103/jmp.JMP_11_19
                6764175
                d5eca64a-0abe-43d6-a5f1-91793124ef4f
                Copyright: © 2019 Journal of Medical Physics

                This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

                History
                : 06 February 2019
                : 15 May 2019
                : 16 May 2019
                Categories
                Technical Note

                Medical physics
                intensity-modulated radiation therapy,quality assurance,tomotherapy®
                Medical physics
                intensity-modulated radiation therapy, quality assurance, tomotherapy®

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