The Microvascular Volume of the Achilles Tendon Is Increased in Patients With Tendinopathy at Rest and After a 1-Hour Treadmill Run

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Abstract

Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is initiated asymptomatically and is therefore often discovered at a very late stage.

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Most cited references 44

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Validation of a new self-report instrument for measuring physical activity.

Torben Jørgensen, Mette Aadahl (2003)

Development and validation of a physical activity scale for measuring physical activity in 24 h of sports, work, and leisure time on an average weekday. For development of the physical activity scale, 2500 randomly selected Danish men and women between the age of 20 and 60 were contacted by mail and asked to select frequent and relevant physical activities from a number of activities of known MET intensity. The activities were included in the physical activity scale, organized in nine different MET levels ranging from sleep/rest (0.9 METs) to high-intensity physical activities (>6 METs). Face validity of the physical activity scale was explored through interviews with 10 volunteer men and women. Concurrent validity was assessed against 4 d of accelerometry (CSA 7164) and physical activity diary in 40 volunteer men and women between 20 and 60 yr of age. The correlation between the activity scale and the diary was high (r = 0.74, P = 0.000), whereas correlation between the activity scale and accelerometer measurements was poor (r = 0.20, NS). The physical activity scale MET-time was systematically higher than average MET-time estimated from the diary, and the difference increased with increasing total MET-time. The physical activity scale appears to be a simple and valid alternative to measuring physical activity by diary in adult sedentary to moderately active Danes. The scale encompasses work, leisure time, and sports activity in one measure; it is easy to administer, and it provides detailed information on different activity levels as well as a single measure of the total amount of physical activity on an average weekday.

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The association football medical research programme: an audit of injuries in professional football.

R. D. Hawkins (2001)

To undertake a prospective epidemiological study of the injuries sustained in English professional football over two competitive seasons. Player injuries were annotated by club medical staff at 91 professional football clubs. A specific injury audit questionnaire was used together with a weekly form that documented each club's current injury status. A total of 6,030 injuries were reported over the two seasons with an average of 1.3 injuries per player per season. The mean (SD) number of days absent for each injury was 24.2 (40.2), with 78% of the injuries leading to a minimum of one competitive match being missed. The injury incidence varied throughout the season, with training injuries peaking during July (p<0.05) and match injuries peaking during August (p<0.05). Competition injuries represented 63% of those reported, significantly (p<0.01) more of these injuries occurring towards the end of both halves. Strains (37%) and sprains (19%) were the major injury types, the lower extremity being the site of 87% of the injuries reported. Most injury mechanisms were classified as being non-contact (58%). Re-injuries accounted for 7% of all injuries, 66% of these being classified as either a strain or a sprain. The severity of re-injuries was greater than the initial injury (p<0.01). Professional football players are exposed to a high risk of injury and there is a need to investigate ways of reducing this risk. Areas that warrant attention include the training programmes implemented by clubs during various stages of the season, the factors contributing to the pattern of injuries during matches with respect to time, and the rehabilitation protocols employed by clubs.

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Tendinopathy--from basic science to treatment.

Lisa Riley (2008)

Chronic tendon pathology (tendinopathy), although common, is difficult to treat. Tendons possess a highly organized fibrillar matrix, consisting of type I collagen and various 'minor' collagens, proteoglycans and glycoproteins. The tendon matrix is maintained by the resident tenocytes, and there is evidence of a continuous process of matrix remodeling, although the rate of turnover varies at different sites. A change in remodeling activity is associated with the onset of tendinopathy. Major molecular changes include increased expression of type III collagen, fibronectin, tenascin C, aggrecan and biglycan. These changes are consistent with repair, but they might also be an adaptive response to changes in mechanical loading. Repeated minor strain is thought to be the major precipitating factor in tendinopathy, although further work is required to determine whether it is mechanical overstimulation or understimulation that leads to the change in tenocyte activity. Metalloproteinase enzymes have an important role in the tendon matrix, being responsible for the degradation of collagen and proteoglycan in both healthy patients and those with disease. Metalloproteinases that show increased expression in painful tendinopathy include ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase)-12 and MMP (matrix metalloproteinase)-23. The role of these enzymes in tendon pathology is unknown, and further work is required to identify novel and specific molecular targets for therapy.

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Author and article information

Journal

Title: The American Journal of Sports Medicine

Abbreviated Title: Am J Sports Med

Publisher: SAGE Publications

ISSN (Print): 0363-5465

ISSN (Electronic): 1552-3365

Publication date Created: September 27 2013

Publication date (Electronic): August 12 2013

Publication date (Print): October 2013

Volume: 41

Issue: 10

Pages: 2400-2408

Affiliations

[1 ]Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

[2 ]Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

[3 ]Department of Clinical Physiology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

[4 ]Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

[5 ]Department of Public Health and Centre for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

Article

DOI: 10.1177/0363546513498988

PubMed ID: 23940204

SO-VID: d6b3e24c-3e9d-4ca8-8731-7b2bdd4bd300

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The Microvascular Volume of the Achilles Tendon Is Increased in Patients With Tendinopathy at Rest and After a 1-Hour Treadmill Run

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Most cited references 44

Validation of a new self-report instrument for measuring physical activity.

The association football medical research programme: an audit of injuries in professional football.

Tendinopathy--from basic science to treatment.

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