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      Identification of microRNA profiles in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma cells during metastatic progression

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          Abstract

          Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (SACC) is a common type of salivary gland cancer. The poor long-term prognosis of patients with SACC is primarily due to local recurrence, distant metastasis and perineural invasion. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as important post-transcriptional regulators, which are involved in various biological processes. The aim of the present study was to identify the miRNA expression profiles that are involved in the metastatic progression of SACC. Therefore, microarray technology was employed to identify miRNA expression profiles in an SACC cell line, ACC-2, and a highly metastatic SACC cell line, ACC-M, which was screened from ACC-2 by a combination of in vivo selection and cloning in vitro. Differences in miRNA expression were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. In addition, the potential target genes that are regulated by selected miRNAs were analyzed by various target prediction tools. The microarray data revealed that the levels of 38 miRNAs significantly differed between the ACC-M cells and the control ACC-2 cells. Six miRNAs (miR-4487, -4430, -486-3p, -5191, -3131 and -211-3p) were selected to validate the microarray data via qPCR. The expression of two miRNAs (miR-4487 and -4430) was significantly upregulated in the ACC-M cells, while the expression of two other miRNAs (miR-5191 and -3131) was significantly downregulated in the ACC-M cells. The potential target genes that were identified to be controlled by the six selected miRNAs were divided into four groups according to function, as follows: Apoptosis and proliferation (46 genes), cell cycle (30 genes), DNA damage and repair (24 genes) and signaling pathway (30 genes). The identification of microRNA expression profiles in highly metastatic SACC cells may provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms involved in metastatic progression, which would aid in the development of novel strategies for the treatment of SACC.

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          Differential expression of miRNAs in esophageal cancer tissue

          The aim of this study was to explore the association of specific microRNAs (miRNAs) with the development of esophageal cancer (EC) and to identify new molecular markers for EC by analyzing the expression profiles of miRNAs in EC tissues. The expression profiles of miRNAs in paired EC and paracancerous normal tissues were detected and bioinformatically analyzed using miRNA assays. The outcomes were validated using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The miRNA assays revealed a total of 60 differentially expressed miRNAs in the EC tissues compared with those in the paracancerous normal tissues. Among them, 51 had doubled or more than doubled their expression levels and 9 had halved their expression levels. The most markedly upregulated miRNAs were hsa-miR-15a, hsa-miR-28-3p, hsa-miR-31, hsa-miR-99b, hsa-miR-101, hsa-miR-130a, hsa-miR-143, hsa-miR-196b, hsa-miR-200a, hsa-miR-210, hsa-miR-452 and hsa-miR-27a, whereas the most markedly downregulated miRNAs included hsa-miR-30b, hsa-miR-223, hsa-miR-454, hsa-miR-486, hsa-miR-574-3p and hsa-miR-126. Specific miRNA expression profiles exist in EC tissues and may serve as novel EC molecular markers.
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            Distant metastases of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the salivary glands and the value of diagnostic examinations during follow-up.

            Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) accounts for approximately 10% of all neoplasms of the salivary glands. Late distant metastases and local recurrences are responsible for a rather low long-term survival rate. To study the metastasizing pattern of ACC of the salivary glands in 51 patients. Fifty-one patients with an ACC in the intraoral/sublingual salivary glands (n = 30), parotid gland (n = 8), submandibular gland (n = 2), maxillary sinus (n = 6), and nasal cavity (n = 5) have been studied. The male-female ratio was 1:1, the mean age was 54.3 (range, 19-81) years. In 30 cases treatment consisted of surgery and radiotherapy. In 13 cases surgery alone was carried out. The average follow-up time was 117.8 (range, 1-171) months. In 28 cases (54.9%) distant metastases occurred, and in 3 patients (5.8%) regional lymph node metastases occurred. In 12 of the 28 patients with distant metastases (42.8%), only the lungs were involved, whereas in 5 of the 28 patients (17.8%), the distant metastases occurred in other organs (eg, bones and brain). In 11 of the 28 patients (39.2%) metastases were found both in the lungs and other organs. Twenty-four of the 51 patients (47.0%) died because of their tumor. The average time between the occurrence of lung metastases and death was 32.3 months and between the occurrence of metastases elsewhere and death 20.6 months. Distant metastases of ACC of the salivary glands occur most often in the lungs. Although these lung metastases are the first to occur, these patients die later than patients with distant metastases in other organs. The value of annual chest films or other tests for the presence of distant metastases during follow-up after surgical removal of an ACC seems rather questionable. Copyright 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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              Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: predictors of morbidity and mortality.

              To review 160 patients treated at a single institution for adenoid cystic carcinoma during the 20 years between 1977 and 1996, applying a consistent treatment of surgery and postoperative radiation therapy to 140 patients. To analyze factors governing treatment failure, treatment-related morbidity, and mortality. Retrospective review. Tertiary referral center. Seventy-seven males and 83 females aged 13 to 89 years (average age, 49.5 years). Combined treatment yielded an 85% locoregional freedom from relapse and disease-specific survival at 5, 10, and 15 years was 89%, 67.4%, and 39.6%, respectively. Thirty-five patients (21.9%) had distant metastases as the only site of failure. Patients treated for paranasal sinus tumor experienced the most treatment-related morbidity vs other sites. Perineural invasion of major nerves, positive margins at surgery, and solid histological features were associated with increased treatment failures. Four or more symptoms present at diagnosis, positive lymph nodes, solid histology, and perineural invasion of major nerves were associated with increased mortality from disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Oncol Lett
                Oncol Lett
                OL
                Oncology Letters
                D.A. Spandidos
                1792-1074
                1792-1082
                June 2014
                14 March 2014
                14 March 2014
                : 7
                : 6
                : 2029-2034
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Stomatology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
                [2 ]Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi’an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr Wei Chen or Professor Senlin Zhang, Department of Stomatology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China, E-mail: rollphy@ 123456gmail.com , E-mail: doczhangsl@ 123456gmail.com
                [*]

                Contributed equally

                Article
                ol-07-06-2029
                10.3892/ol.2014.1975
                4049696
                24932284
                d73013ca-728b-40bc-8f17-3f054218efa9
                Copyright © 2014, Spandidos Publications

                This is an open-access article licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License. The article may be redistributed, reproduced, and reused for non-commercial purposes, provided the original source is properly cited.

                History
                : 24 August 2013
                : 18 February 2014
                Categories
                Articles

                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                microrna profile,adenoid cystic carcinoma,metastasis
                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                microrna profile, adenoid cystic carcinoma, metastasis

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