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      Hantaviroses Translated title: Hantaviruses

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          Abstract

          As hantaviroses constituem infecções zoonóticas amplamente distribuídas em todo o mundo. A febre hemorrágica com síndrome renal mostra-se endêmica na Ásia e Europa, acometendo milharea de pessoas anualmente. A síndrome cardiopulmonar pelo hantavírus, reconhecida como entidade clínica desde 1993, representa o protótipo das doenças emergentes e encontra-se distribuída em diversos países do continente americano, inclusive o Brasil. Ambas são transmitidas ao homem através da inalação de partículas virais eliminadas nas fezes e urina de roedores domésticos e silvestres. Trata-se de doenças sistêmicas febris que podem acometer vários órgãos, destacando-se o rim na febre hemorrágica com síndrome renal e os pulmões e o coração na síndrome cardiopulmonar. A taxa de letalidade da hantavirose americana alcança 50%. Diagnostica-se as hantaviroses através de provas sorológicas imunoenzimáticas ao identificar-se anticorpos específicos das classes IgM e IgG. Não há tratamento específico. Recomenda-se hidratação cuidadosa, indicação precoce de diálise nas formas renais e administração de drogas vasoativas nos períodos de hipotensão e choque. A administração de corticoesteróides e da ribavirina está sendo avaliada em estudos controlados. O número de casos dessas viroses tem crescido no Brasil ano a ano, e cumpre alertar os profissionais de saúde sobre a ocorrência dessas entidades nos vários estados do país, possibilitando diagnóstico precoce e tratamento adequado nos casos suspeitos da doença.

          Translated abstract

          Hantaviruses are zoonotic diseases that affect humans and have a worldwide distribution. The hemorrhagic fever associated with renal syndrome occurs endemically in the Asian and European continents affecting housauds of people every year. Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, recognized as a clinical entity since 1993, represents the prototype of emerging diseases and is distributed in countries of the American continent, including Brazil. Both diseases are transmitted to man through the inhalation of viral particles, which are shed in feces and urine of wild and domestic rodents. They comprise a group of febrile diseases that can affect many organs, particularly the kidneys in the hemorrhagic fever associated with renal syndrome and the lungs and heart in the hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. The lethality of American hantaviroses reaches 50%. The diagnosis of these diseases is performed using serological tests such as immunoenzymatic assays which detect specific antibodies of the IgG and IgM classes. There is no specific treatment. Therefore, special attention should be directed to restore and maintain fluid balance, timely indication of dialysis for renal failure and administration of vasoactive drugs during periods of hypotension and shock. The administration of corticosteroids and/or ribavirin are under evaluation. The number of cases of hantavirus infection has been increasing in Brazil year after year, and it is important to alert health personnel to the occurrence of these entities throughout the country. Awareness of their presence should improve the quality of medical care.

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          Most cited references51

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          Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Pathogenesis of an emerging infectious disease.

          A recent outbreak of a severe pulmonary disease in the southwestern United States was etiologically linked to a previously unrecognized hantavirus. The virus has been isolated from its major reservoir, the deer mouse, Peromyscus maniculatus, and recently named Sin Nombre virus. Clinically, the disease has become known as the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Since May 1993, 44 fatal cases of HPS have been identified through clinicopathological review and immunohistochemical (IHC) testing of tissues from 273 patients who died of an unexplained noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. In 158 cases for which suitable specimens were available, serological testing and/or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of extracted RNA was also performed. IHC, serological, and PCR results were concordant for virtually all HPS and non-HPS patients when more than one assay was performed. The prodromal illness of HPS is similar to that of many other viral diseases. Consistent hematological features include thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration, neutrophilic leukocytosis with a left shift, and reactive lymphocytes. Pulmonary histopathological features were similar in most of the fatal HPS cases (40/44) and consisted of an interstitial pneumonitis with a variable mononuclear cell infiltrate, edema, and focal hyaline membranes. In four cases, however, pulmonary features were significantly different and included diffuse alveolar damage and variable degrees of severe air space disorganization. IHC analysis showed widespread presence of hantaviral antigens in endothelial cells of the microvasculature, particularly in the lung. Hantaviral antigens were also observed within follicular dendritic cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Hantaviral inclusions were observed in endothelial cells of lungs by thinsection electron microscopy, and their identity was verified by immunogold labeling. Virus-like particles were seen in pulmonary endothelial cells and macrophages. HPS is a newly recognized, often fatal disease, with a spectrum of microscopic morphological changes, which may be an important cause of severe and fatal illness presenting as adult respiratory distress syndrome.
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            High levels of viremia in patients with the Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.

            Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare but acute fulminant disease caused by Sin Nombre virus (SNV). To understand the role of the viral load in the pathogenesis of HPS, the load of virus in the blood of patients with HPS was measured. A quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay was developed for SNV, because SNV is difficult to grow in cell culture. Thirty-eight samples from 26 patients with HPS were analyzed. Twenty of the 26 initial samples were positive for viral RNA (7 of 9 samples were obtained from patients with fatal cases, and 13 of 17 were obtained from survivors). Mean viral RNA copy numbers were 106.1+/-1.4/mL in positive cases (106.7+/-1.4/mL in fatal cases, 105.8+/-1.3/mL in survivors) and were correlated with peak hematocrit (P<.05) and with the lowest platelet count (P=.05). In 8 survivors who had serial samples obtained, viral RNA copy numbers decreased promptly after resolution of fever.
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              Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the United States: a pathological description of a disease caused by a new agent.

              An outbreak of an acute respiratory disease in the southwestern United States has led to the recognition of a new hantaviral illness. This report describes a unique spectrum of antemortem and postmortem pathological findings seen in a case series of nine surviving patients and 13 who died. Clinical, laboratory, and autopsy findings were derived from a consecutive series of individuals confirmed to have hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Laboratory studies included chemical, hematological, and bone marrow analyses as well as flow cytometric and immunohistochemical phenotyping. Autopsy tissues were examined by routine histological stains, immunohistochemical methods, and transmission electron microscopy. The lung is the primary target organ in this illness. Pulmonary abnormalities include pleural effusions, alveolar edema and fibrin, and an interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate. Large immunoblast type cells are seen in the lungs, blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, liver, and spleen. A tetrad of hematological findings includes left-shifted neutrophilic leukocytosis, thrombocytopenia, hemoconcentration in severe cases, and circulating immunoblasts. In contrast to previously described nephropathic hantaviral syndromes, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome is characterized by a unique constellation of pulmonary, hematological, and reticuloendothelial pathological findings. The pulmonary findings are distinguishable from fatal adult respiratory distress syndrome. The data suggest a capillary leak syndrome restricted to the pulmonary circulation. Likewise, the hematological picture is unique and may be valuable in the rapid identification of cases for further diagnostic studies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rsbmt
                Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical
                Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical - SBMT (Uberaba, MG, Brazil )
                0037-8682
                1678-9849
                January 2003
                : 36
                : 1
                : 81-96
                Affiliations
                [01] Uberlândia MG orgnameUniversidade Federal de Uberlândia orgdiv1Disciplina de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias
                Article
                S0037-86822003000100012 S0037-8682(03)03600112
                10.1590/S0037-86822003000100012
                d78aa199-f01b-4fc2-8e5e-6b3775f1eee8

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 August 2002
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos de Revisão

                Zoonoses virais,Síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavírus,Febres hemorrágicas,Hantaviroses,Viral zoonoses,Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome,Hemorrhagic fevers,Hantaviruses

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