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      A comunicação na consulta: Uma proposta prática para o seu aperfeiçoamento contínuo Translated title: Doctor-patient communication: A proposal for continuous improvement in clinical practice

      rapid-communication

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          Abstract

          Introdução: As competências de comunicação interpessoal são basilares em toda a prática clínica, em especial nas especialidades intensamente relacionais, como é o caso da Medicina Geral e Familiar. O treino estruturado destas competências deve integrar a formação médica, em especial durante o internato da especialidade. Objectivo: Delinear e testar, na prática, um modelo de análise e de treino de competências de comunicação na consulta, baseado em componentes comportamentais. Processo: Os autores seguiram um ciclo observacional reflexivo, reiterado em 2009 e 2010, que combinou a prática reflexiva e crítica, o estudo bibliográfico e a discussão inter-pares dos actos de comunicação nas consultas, por vezes com videogravação. Para fins didácticos procuraram distinguir e isolar o processo comunicacional dos aspectos relacionais e das fases, passos e conteúdo da consulta. Modelo proposto: O exercício prático realizado permitiu identificar 55 atitudes e comportamentos susceptíveis de serem analisados e treinados. Estes componentes foram agrupados em 12 artes comunicacionais. Destas, os autores destacam como centrais: «ouvir»; «perguntar»; «imaginar-se no lugar do outro»; e «confirmar e reformular». Em seu redor figuram: «começar»; «olhar/ver»; «conduzir a comunicação»; «sintonizar»; «explicar»; «resumir»; «atingir acordos»; e «concluir». Conclusão: O processo de comunicação é mais do que a soma dos componentes considerados. Porém, o modelo delineado e testado na prática revelou-se útil para o desenvolvimento de competências de comunicação e permite a construção de exercícios práticos de autoavaliação ou recorrendo a um observador externo, incluindo o recurso à videogravação. Embora este modelo tenha sido delineado num contexto de formação durante o internato da especialidade, os autores consideram que ele pode ser útil para o desenvolvimento profissional contínuo de qualquer médico de família. Sublinham também que, antes da componente técnica, tudo começa com a preocupação com o doente e com o interesse e a motivação do médico para comunicar bem.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: Interpersonal communication skills are fundamental to all clinical practice, but this is especially true in relationship-based disciplines such as family medicine. Training in communication skills is an integral part of medical education especially during specialty training. Objectives: To develop and test a model for the analysis and training of communication skills in clinical practice based on behavioural elements. Methods: The authors proposed a model for the development of communication skills in clinical practice. This model was developed between 2009 and 2010 from consultations observed in a family practice vocational training clinic. A reflexive observational cycle approach was adopted. This process combined reflexive critical practice, bibliographic study, and the discussion of behavioural elements in clinical communication. Some consultations were recorded on video for this purpose. A selective approach was used to identify aspects of clinical communication distinct from those related to the doctor-patient relationship or with the process of the clinical consultation. The authors intended to describe the “pure” communication behaviours in depth in order to observe and enhance them. Results: Observation and reflection on consultations revealed 55 behavioural skills. These skills were organized into a model composed of 12 communication skills categories. Four skills were considered central. These included listening, questioning, putting oneself in the patient’s place, and confirming and reformulating. The remaining skills were opening, observing, leading the consultation, harmonizing, explaining, summarizing, reaching agreement, and concluding. Conclusions: Clinical communication is much more rich and complex that the simple sum of the behavioural components identified. However, the proposed model was found to be relevant and useful for the improvement of doctor-patient communication skills in this setting. It also has been useful for the design of self-assessment exercises and for external assessment using video recording. Successful communication is related to the doctor’s genuine interest in each patient as a unique person, to the doctor’s will and motivation to improve their interpersonal communication skills, and to a dedicated effort to improve the large range of complex skills required for effective doctor-patient communication.

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          Most cited references42

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          Patient-doctor communication.

          Communication is an important component of patient care. Traditionally, communication in medical school curricula was incorporated informally as part of rounds and faculty feedback, but without a specific or intense focus on skills of communicating per se. The reliability and consistency of this teaching method left gaps, which are currently getting increased attention from medical schools and accreditation organizations. There is also increased interest in researching patient-doctor communication and recognizing the need to teach and measure this specific clinical skill. In 1999, the Accreditation of Council for Graduate Medical Education implemented a requirement for accreditation for residency programs that focuses on "interpersonal and communications skills that result in effective information exchange and teaming with patients, their families, and other health professionals." The National Board of Medical Examiners, Federation of State Medical Boards. and the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates have proposed an examination between the. third and fourth year of medical school that "requires students to demonstrate they can gather information from patients, perform a physical examination, and communicate their findings to patients and colleagues" using standardized patients. One's efficiency and effectiveness in communication can be improved through training, but it is unlikely that any future advances will negate the need and value of compassionate and empathetic two-way communication between clinician and patient. The published literature also expresses belief in the essential role of communication. "It has long been recognized that difficulties in the effective delivery of health care can arise from problems in communication between patient and provider rather than from any failing in the technical aspects of medical care. Improvements in provider-patient communication can have beneficial effects on health outcomes". A systematic review of randomized clinical trials and analytic studies of physician-patient communication confirmed a positive influence of quality communication on health outcomes. Continuing research in this arena is important. For a successful and humanistic encounter at an office visit, one needs to be sure that the patient's key concerns have been directly and specifically solicited and addressed. To be effective, the clinician must gain an understanding of the patient's perspective on his or her illness. Patient concerns can be wide ranging, including fear of death, mutilation, disability; ominous attribution to pain symptoms; distrust of the medical profession; concern about loss of wholeness, role, status, or independence; denial of reality of medical problems; grief; fear of leaving home; and other uniquely personal issues. Patient values, cultures, and preferences need to be explored. Gender is another element that needs to be taken into consideration. Ensuring key issues are verbalized openly is fundamental to effective patient-doctor communication. The clinician should be careful not to be judgmental or scolding because this may rapidly close down communication. Sometimes the patient gains therapeutic benefit just from venting concerns in a safe environment with a caring clinician. Appropriate reassurance or pragmatic suggestions to help with problem solving and setting up a structured plan of action may be an important part of the patient care that is required. Counseling around unhealthy or risky behaviors is an important communication skill that should be part of health care visits. Understanding the psychology of behavioral change and establishing a systematic framework for such interventions, which includes the five As of patient counseling (assess, advise, agree, assist, and arrange) are steps toward ensuring effective patient-doctor communication. Historically in medicine, there was a paternalistic approach to deciding what should be done for a patient: the physician knew best and the patient accepted the recommendation without question. This era is ending, being replaced with consumerism and the movement toward shared decision-making. Patients are advising each other to "educate yourself and ask questions". Patient satisfaction with their care, rests heavily on how successfully this transition is accomplished. Ready access to quality information and thoughtful patient-doctor discussions is at the fulcrum of this revolution.
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            Soliciting the patient's agenda: have we improved?

            Previous research indicates physicians frequently choose a patient problem to explore before determining the patient's full spectrum of concerns. To examine the extent to which experienced family physicians in various practice settings elicit the agenda of concerns patients bring to the office. A cross-sectional survey using linguistic analysis of a convenience sample of 264 patient-physician interviews. Primary care offices of 29 board-certified family physicians practicing in rural Washington (n = 1; 3%), semirural Colorado (n = 20; 69%), and urban settings in the United States and Canada (n = 8; 27%). Nine participants had fellowship training in communication skills and family counseling. Patient-physician verbal interactions, including physician solicitations of patient concerns, rate of completion of patient responses, length of time for patient responses, and frequency of late-arising patient concerns. Physicians solicited patient concerns in 199 interviews (75.4%). Patients' initial statements of concerns were completed in 74 interviews (28.0%). Physicians redirected the patient's opening statement after a mean of 23.1 seconds. Patients allowed to complete their statement of concerns used only 6 seconds more on average than those who were redirected before completion of concerns. Late-arising concerns were more common when physicians did not solicit patient concerns during the interview (34.9% vs 14.9%). Fellowship-trained physicians were more likely to solicit patient concerns and allow patients to complete their initial statement of concerns (44% vs 22%). Physicians often redirect patients' initial descriptions of their concerns. Once redirected, the descriptions are rarely completed. Consequences of incomplete initial descriptions include late-arising concerns and missed opportunities to gather potentially important patient data. Soliciting the patient's agenda takes little time and can improve interview efficiency and yield increased data.
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              Is Open Access

              The therapeutic effects of the physician-older patient relationship: Effective communication with vulnerable older patients

              There is growing evidence that the outcomes of health care for seniors are dependent not only upon patients’ physical health status and the administration of care for their biomedical needs, but also upon care for patients’ psychosocial needs and attention to their social, economic, cultural, and psychological vulnerabilities. Even when older patients have appropriate access to medical services, they also need effective and empathic communication as an essential part of their treatment. Older patients who are socially isolated, emotionally vulnerable, and economically disadvantaged are particularly in need of the social, emotional, and practical support that sensitive provider-patient communication can provide. In this review paper, we examine the complexities of communication between physicians and their older patients, and consider some of the particular challenges that manifest in providers’ interactions with their older patients, particularly those who are socially isolated, suffering from depression, or of minority status or low income. This review offers guidelines for improved physician-older patient communication in medical practice, and examines interventions to coordinate care for older patients on multiple dimensions of a biopsychosocial model of health care.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rpmgf
                Revista Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar
                Rev Port Med Geral Fam
                Associação Portuguesa de Medicina Geral e Familiar (Lisboa )
                2182-5173
                May 2012
                : 28
                : 3
                : 212-222
                Affiliations
                [1 ] ACES de Cascais Portugal
                [2 ] Universidade Nova de Lisboa Portugal
                Article
                S2182-51732012000300010
                d7d5508d-c551-40bc-a02c-f5eb8b21bd2c

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=2182-5173&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Relação Médico-Doente,Communication,Office Visits,Family Practice,Doctor-Patient Relationship,Comunicação,Consulta,Medicina Geral e Familiar

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