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      Vacina BCG: via percutânea ou intradérmica? Translated title: Percutaneous or intradermal BCG vaccine?

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: As variações na eficácia da vacina BCG têm sido atribuídas a diversos fatores do hospedeiro, ambiente, cepas vacinais, dose e métodos de administração da vacina. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os métodos intradérmico e percutâneo no uso da vacina BCG. FONTES DOS DADOS: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica referente ao período de 1987 a 2002 no MEDLINE e Lilacs (OPS/Bireme), através das palavras-chave "vacina BCG/administração", "eficácia", "eventos adversos", "tuberculose/prevenção" e "eficácia". Alguns artigos publicados antes de 1987 foram incluídos devido à sua relevância para a discussão do tema. SÍNTESE DOS DADOS: Não existem estudos clínicos que permitam comparar a efetividade das vacinas BCG intradérmica e BCG percutânea. A BCG percutânea é menos reatogênica do que a BCG intradérmica, porém estimula de forma menos eficiente a produção de interferon-gama pelos linfócitos Th1, considerada como o melhor marcador da resposta imune protetora contra tubérculos. CONCLUSÕES: Testes imunológicos in vivo e in vitro demonstraram que a via intradérmica é mais eficiente para estimular a resposta imune. O método intradérmico deve ser recomendado para a administração da vacina BCG.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To compare the intradermal and percutaneous routes of BCG administration. SOURCES OF DATA: A review of the literature published between 1987 and 2002 was carried out in the MEDLINE and Lilacs databases. The following key words were used: BCG vaccine/administration, adverse effects, efficacy, tuberculosis/ prevention and control. Some articles published before 1987 were included because of their relevance to the topic. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS: There are no clinical studies comparing the efficacy of intradermal and percutaneous BCG. Percutaneous BCG causes a weaker reaction, however it is also less efficient in stimulating gamma-interferon production by Th1-lymphocytes, which is considered as the best marker of the anti-tuberculin immune response. CONCLUSIONS: In vivo and in vitro studies suggest a better immune response with intradermal BCG. The intradermal method should be recommended for BCG administration.

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          Most cited references59

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          Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity.

          P E Fine (1995)
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            Preventing tuberculosis with bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine: a meta-analysis of the literature.

            This article reviews a previously published meta-analysis of 1264 titles or abstracts and 70 selected studies for evaluation of the efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine in preventing tuberculosis. Following review, data from 26 studies were included in the analysis. These 26 studies reveal that vaccination with BCG significantly reduces the risk of tuberculosis by an average of 50%. This level of protection persists across a number of subgroups defined by age at vaccination and study design. Vaccination with BCG was significantly associated with a reduction in the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis and extrapulmonary disease. In general, the results of this meta-analysis lend weight and confidence to arguments favoring the use of BCG vaccine.
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              Therapeutic effects of BCG vaccination in adult asthmatic patients: a randomized, controlled trial.

              Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination in humans induces Th1 immune responses. Th1 and Th2 cells are reciprocally regulated. To examine whether BCG vaccination of adult patients with asthma, a Th2-associated allergic disease, is clinically effective. Forty-three moderate-to-severe asthma patients were randomly assigned into groups that received percutaneous injection of 58.2 x 10(7) CFUs BCG (n = 22) or placebo (n = 21) in a double-blinded fashion, on the first day of a 12-week treatment period. Medications were adjusted every 4 weeks to maintain optimal asthma control. Spirometric measurements were performed before treatment and at weeks 4, 8, and 12 after vaccination. The daily peak expiratory flow rate values, asthma symptoms, and medications were also recorded. Tuberculin skin tests, and sputum inflammatory cell and cytokine analyses were carried out before treatment and 12 weeks after vaccination. BCG vaccination significantly increased forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced expiratory flow rate 25% to 75% at weeks 4, 8, and 12. Morning peak expiratory flow rate was significantly increased only during the first 4 weeks. Although the asthma symptom scores were not significantly changed, the weekly medication scores were significantly decreased. Tuberculin skin reactivities were significantly increased without significant alterations in induced sputum profiles. In contrast, medication scores and sputum eosinophils were significantly increased, and the interferon-gamma:interleukin-4 ratio in sputum was significantly decreased in the placebo group. BCG vaccination improved lung function and reduced medication use in adults with moderate-to-severe asthma. This amelioration was accompanied by a suppressed Th2-type immune response, suggesting that BCG vaccination might be an effective therapeutic modality against asthma.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jped
                Jornal de Pediatria
                J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria (Porto Alegre )
                1678-4782
                April 2004
                : 80
                : 2
                : 93-98
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [3 ] Secretaria da Saúde do Estado de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0021-75572004000200004
                10.1590/S0021-75572004000200004
                d8d1d8ae-0c07-4cb2-9019-1c742ad0737f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0021-7557&lng=en
                Categories
                PEDIATRICS

                Pediatrics
                BCG vaccine,adverse effects,efficacy,tuberculosis,Vacina BCG,eficácia,eventos adversos,tuberculose
                Pediatrics
                BCG vaccine, adverse effects, efficacy, tuberculosis, Vacina BCG, eficácia, eventos adversos, tuberculose

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