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      Prevalence and Correlation of Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study of Nearly 10 Million Multi-Ethnic Chinese Adults

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          This study aimed to examine the prevalence and correlates of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in multi-ethnic populations of Northwest China based on Large-scale provincial health checking data.

          Patients and Methods

          A total of 9,745,640 Chinese aged ≥18 years in Xinjiang, the largest autonomous region of multi-ethnic in China, were enrolled from Feb. to Sep. 2019. MetS was defined by modified Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III) criteria.

          Results

          The overall prevalence of MetS was 20.85% [Sex: 20.06% female, 21.56% male; Age: 39.22% 60-years and above, 26.32% 40- to 59-years and 9.56% 18- to 39-years; Ethnicity: 28.19% Hui followed by Han (26.39%), Uyghur (18.56%), Other (18.61%), Kazak (17.98%), Mongolian (17.87%), Kyrgyz (14.44%)]. People living in cities and towns (23.03%) or North (24.78%) had higher prevalence of MetS than rural (19.94%) and South (17.66%). Although the prevalence of hypertension, smoking, drinking and lack of physical activity were higher in Kyrgyz, Mongolian and Kazak than those of other ethnic groups, the risk of MetS was lower.

          Conclusion

          The results indicated that a high prevalence of MetS in Hui and Han groups and people living in cities and towns. Living in North Xinjiang and elder population tend to have higher prevalence of MetS. The prevention and management of MetS in these populations should be prioritized.

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          Most cited references36

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          Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity.

          K Alberti, Robert H. Eckel, Scott M. Grundy … (2009)
          A cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which occur together more often than by chance alone, have become known as the metabolic syndrome. The risk factors include raised blood pressure, dyslipidemia (raised triglycerides and lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), raised fasting glucose, and central obesity. Various diagnostic criteria have been proposed by different organizations over the past decade. Most recently, these have come from the International Diabetes Federation and the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The main difference concerns the measure for central obesity, with this being an obligatory component in the International Diabetes Federation definition, lower than in the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria, and ethnic specific. The present article represents the outcome of a meeting between several major organizations in an attempt to unify criteria. It was agreed that there should not be an obligatory component, but that waist measurement would continue to be a useful preliminary screening tool. Three abnormal findings out of 5 would qualify a person for the metabolic syndrome. A single set of cut points would be used for all components except waist circumference, for which further work is required. In the interim, national or regional cut points for waist circumference can be used.
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            The Global Epidemic of the Metabolic Syndrome

            Mohammad G. Saklayen (2018)
            Metabolic syndrome, variously known also as syndrome X, insulin resistance, etc., is defined by WHO as a pathologic condition characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Though there is some variation in the definition by other health care organization, the differences are minor. With the successful conquest of communicable infectious diseases in most of the world, this new non-communicable disease (NCD) has become the major health hazard of modern world. Though it started in the Western world, with the spread of the Western lifestyle across the globe, it has become now a truly global problem. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is often more in the urban population of some developing countries than in its Western counterparts. The two basic forces spreading this malady are the increase in consumption of high calorie-low fiber fast food and the decrease in physical activity due to mechanized transportations and sedentary form of leisure time activities. The syndrome feeds into the spread of the diseases like type 2 diabetes, coronary diseases, stroke, and other disabilities. The total cost of the malady including the cost of health care and loss of potential economic activity is in trillions. The present trend is not sustainable unless a magic cure is found (unlikely) or concerted global/governmental/societal efforts are made to change the lifestyle that is promoting it. There are certainly some elements in the causation of the metabolic syndrome that cannot be changed but many are amenable for corrections and curtailments. For example, better urban planning to encourage active lifestyle, subsidizing consumption of whole grains and possible taxing high calorie snacks, restricting media advertisement of unhealthy food, etc. Revitalizing old fashion healthier lifestyle, promoting old-fashioned foods using healthy herbs rather than oil and sugar, and educating people about choosing healthy/wholesome food over junks are among the steps that can be considered.
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              Asians are different from Caucasians and from each other in their body mass index/body fat per cent relationship.

              P. Deurenberg, M. Deurenberg‐Yap, S. Guricci (2002)
              The objective was to study the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and body fat per cent (BF%) in different population groups of Asians. The study design was a literature overview with special attention to recent Asian data. Specific information is provided on Indonesians (Malays and Chinese ancestry), Singaporean Chinese, Malays and Indians, and Hong Kong Chinese. The BMI was calculated from weight and height and the BF% was determined by deuterium oxide dilution, a chemical-for-compartment model, or dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. All Asian populations studied had a higher BF% at a lower BMI compared to Caucasians. Generally, for the same BMI their BF% was 3-5% points higher compared to Caucasians. For the same BF% their BMI was 3-4 units lower compared to Caucasians. The high BF% at low BMI can be partly explained by differences in body build, i.e. differences in trunk-to-leg-length ratio and differences in slenderness. Differences in muscularity may also contribute to the different BF%/BMI relationship. Hence, the relationship between BF% and BMI is ethnic-specific. For comparisons of obesity prevalence between ethnic groups, universal BMI cut-off points are not appropriate.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes
                Journal ID (publisher-id): dmso
                Journal ID (pmc): dmso
                Title: Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-7007
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 December 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 13
                Pages: 4869-4883
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]Health Management Institute, Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
                [3 ]Center of Disease Control and Prevention , Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
                [4 ]The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
                [5 ]School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland , Brisbane 4072, Australia
                [6 ]Department of Microrepair and Reconstruction, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University , Urumqi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Hua Yao; Shuxia Wang Email yaohua01@sina.com; 2724443591@qq.com
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8317-0571
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2104-534X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9572-5578
                Article
                Publisher ID: 278346
                DOI: 10.2147/DMSO.S278346
                PMC ID: 7737555
                PubMed ID: 33335411
                SO-VID: d98fa678-e25e-4a2c-83f2-2f6bda25612c
                Copyright © © 2020 Su et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 11 September 2020
                Date accepted : 05 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 5, References: 39, Pages: 15
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Keywords: metabolic syndrome; mets,chinese,ethnic groups,adults,prevalence
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Keywords: metabolic syndrome; mets, chinese, ethnic groups, adults, prevalence

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