Increased cytokine/chemokines in serum from asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients with viral respiratory infection

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Abstract

Background

Respiratory viral infections can induce different cytokine/chemokine profiles in lung tissues and have a significant influence on patients with asthma. There is little information about the systemic cytokine status in viral respiratory-infected asthmatic patients compared with non-asthmatic patients.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine changes in circulating cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-5) and chemokines (MCP1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and RANTES: regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) in patients with an asthmatic versus a non-asthmatic background with respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus or adenovirus respiratory infection. In addition, human monocyte cultures were incubated with respiratory viruses to determine the cytokine/chemokine profiles.

Patients/Methods

Patients with asthmatic ( n = 34) and non-asthmatic ( n = 18) history and respiratory infections with respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, and adenovirus were studied. Healthy individuals with similar age and sex ( n = 10) were used as controls. Cytokine/chemokine content in blood and culture supernatants was determined by ELISA. Monocytes were isolated by Hystopaque gradient and cocultured with each of the above-mentioned viruses.

Results

Similar increased cytokine concentrations were observed in asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients. However, higher concentrations of chemokines were observed in asthmatic patients. Virus-infected monocyte cultures showed similar cytokine/chemokine profiles to those observed in the patients.

Conclusions

Circulating cytokine profiles induced by acute viral lung infection were not related to asthmatic status, except for chemokines that were already increased in the asthmatic status. Monocytes could play an important role in the increased circulating concentration of cytokines found during respiratory viral infections.

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Most cited references 26

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Viral infections in relation to age, atopy, and season of admission among children hospitalized for wheezing ☆

Peter W. Heymann, Holliday Carper, Deborah D. Murphy … (2004)

Background Viral respiratory tract infections and atopy are associated with attacks of wheezing during childhood. However, information about the relationship between viral infections and atopy among children whose attacks of wheezing lead to hospitalization is unclear. Objective To evaluate the prevalence of viral respiratory tract pathogens among infants and children hospitalized for wheezing and to analyze the results in relation to the patient's age, atopic characteristics, and season of admission. Methods This was a case-control study of children (age 2 months to 18 years) admitted for wheezing to the University of Virginia Medical Center over a period of 12 months. Children without wheezing were enrolled as controls. Nasal secretions were evaluated for viral pathogens by using cultures, PCR tests, and antigen detection. Total IgE and specific IgE antibody to common aeroallergens was measured in serum. Results Seventy percent of children hospitalized for wheezing before age 3 years (n = 79) were admitted between December and March, whereas 46% of children age 3 to 18 years (n = 54) were hospitalized between September and November. Among children younger than 3 years, viral pathogens were detected in 84% (66/79) of wheezing children and 55% (42/77) of controls (P < .001). Respiratory syncytial virus was the dominant pathogen during the winter months, but rhinovirus was more common during other months. Total serum IgE levels were generally low, and values from wheezing and control subjects overlapped considerably. Among children 3 years and older, 61% (33/54) of subjects admitted for wheezing tested positive for virus (predominantly rhinovirus), compared with 21% (12/56) of controls (P < .001). The total serum IgE values among wheezing children (geometric mean, 386 IU/mL; 95% CI, 259-573) were substantially elevated compared with those of controls (geometric mean, 38 IU/mL; 95% CI, 26-56; P < .001). A significantly higher percentage of wheezing children compared with controls was sensitized to at least 1 of the inhaled allergens tested: 84% (36/43) compared with 33% (15/45; P < .001). The atopic characteristics of wheezing children who tested positive or negative for virus were similar. Conclusions Viral infections were the dominant risk factor for wheezing among children hospitalized before 3 years of age. By comparison, a large majority of the wheezing children age 3 to 18 years had striking atopic characteristics that may be critical as a risk factor for hospitalization and an adverse response to viral infections, especially infections caused by rhinovirus.

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Regulation of inflammation by interleukin-4: a review of "alternatives".

Irina Luzina, Achsah D. Keegan, Nicola M Heller … (2012)

Studies of IL-4 have revealed a wealth of information on the diverse roles of this cytokine in homeostatic regulation and disease pathogenesis. Recent data suggest that instead of simple linear regulatory pathways, IL-4 drives regulation that is full of alternatives. In addition to the well-known dichotomous regulation of Th cell differentiation by IL-4, this cytokine is engaged in several other alternative pathways. Its own production involves alternative mRNA splicing, yielding at least two functional isoforms: full-length IL-4, encoded by the IL-4 gene exons 1-4, and IL-4δ2, encoded by exons 1, 3, and 4. The functional effects of these two isoforms are in some ways similar but in other ways quite distinct. When binding to the surface of target cells, IL-4 may differentially engage two different types of receptors. By acting on macrophages, a cell type critically involved in inflammation, IL-4 induces the so-called alternative macrophage activation. In this review, recent advances in understanding these three IL-4-related branch points--alternative splicing of IL-4, differential receptor engagement by IL-4, and differential regulation of macrophage activation by IL-4--are summarized in light of their contributions to inflammation.

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Cytokines in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

K. Fan Chung (2001)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by chronic obstruction of expiratory flow affecting peripheral airways, associated with chronic bronchitis (mucus hypersecretion with goblet cell and submucosal gland hyperplasia) and emphysema (destruction of airway parenchyma), together with fibrosis and tissue damage, and inflammation of the small airways. Cytokines are extracellular signalling proteins. Increased levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and IL-8 have been measured in sputum, with further increases during exacerbations, and the bronchiolar epithelium over-expresses monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and IL-8. IL-8 can account for some chemotactic activity of sputum, and sputum IL-8 levels correlate with airway bacterial load and blood myeloperoxidase levels. The expression of chemokines such as regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) may underlie the airway eosinophilia observed in some COPD patients. Cytokines may be involved in tissue remodelling. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta stimulate macrophages to produced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and bronchial epithelial cells to produce extracellular matrix glycoproteins such as tenascin. Increased expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) and of epidermal growth factor (EGF) occurs in the epithelium and submucosal cells of patients with chronic bronchitis. TGFbeta and EGF activate proliferation of fibroblasts, while activation of the EGF receptor leads to mucin gene expression. The cytokine profile seen in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is different from that observed in asthma. The role of these cytokines needs to be defined and there is a potential for anticytokine therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Influenza Other Respir Viruses

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Influenza Other Respir Viruses

Journal ID (publisher-id): irv

Title: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses

Publisher: Blackwell Publishing Ltd (Oxford, UK )

ISSN (Print): 1750-2640

ISSN (Electronic): 1750-2659

Publication date (Print): January 2014

Publication date (Electronic): 21 August 2013

Volume: 8

Issue: 1

Pages: 116-122

Affiliations

[a ]Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas “Dr. Américo Negrette”, Universidad del Zulia Maracaibo, Venezuela

[b ]Servicio de Enfermedades del Sistema Inmune y Oncología, Hospital Universitario “Príncipe de Asturias”, Universidad de Alcalá Madrid, España

Author notes

Nereida Valero, Apartado Postal 23, Maracaibo 4001-A, Zulia, Venezuela. E-mail: valero.nereida@ 123456gmail.com

Article

DOI: 10.1111/irv.12155

PMC ID: 4177805

PubMed ID: 23962134

SO-VID: d9bddafc-dd96-4e24-9961-19593c16a5ea

License:

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Increased cytokine/chemokines in serum from asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients with viral respiratory infection

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Abstract

Background

Objectives

Patients/Methods

Results

Conclusions

Related collections

European Respiratory Society: COVID-19

Most cited references 26

Viral infections in relation to age, atopy, and season of admission among children hospitalized for wheezing ☆

Regulation of inflammation by interleukin-4: a review of "alternatives".

Cytokines in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

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