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      Antiretroviral treatment roll-out in a resource-constrained setting: capitalizing on nursing resources in Botswana Translated title: Lancement d’un traitement antirétroviral dans un pays à ressources limitées: comment tirer le meilleur parti des ressources en personnel infirmier du Botswana Translated title: Aplicación del tratamiento antirretroviral en un entorno con recursos limitados: aprovechar el personal de enfermería en Botswana

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          Abstract

          PROBLEM: As programmes to deliver antiretroviral therapy (ART) are implemented in resource-constrained settings, the problem becomes not how these programmes are going to be financed but who will be responsible for delivering and sustaining them. APPROACH: Physician-led models of HIV treatment and care that have evolved in industrialized countries are not replicable in settings with a high prevalence of HIV infection and limited access to medical staff. Therefore, models of care need to make better use of available human resources. LOCAL SETTING: Using Botswana as an example, we discuss how nurses are underutilized in long-term clinical management of patients requiring ART. RELEVANT CHANGES: We argue that for ART-delivery programmes to be sustainable, nurses will need to provide a level of clinical care for patients receiving this therapy, including prescribing ART and managing common adverse effects. LESSONS LEARNED: Practicalities involved in scaling up nurse-led models of ART delivery include overcoming political and professional barriers, identifying educational requirements, agreeing on the limitations of nursing practice, developing clear referral pathways between medical and nursing personnel, and developing mechanisms to monitor and supervise practice. Operational research is required to demonstrate that such models are safe, effective and sustainable.

          Translated abstract

          PROBLEMATIQUE: Avec la mise en œuvre dans des pays à ressources limitées de programmes de délivrance de traitements antirétroviraux (ART), le problème n’est plus de savoir comment ces programmes seront financés, mais de déterminer qui se chargera de leur mise en œuvre et de leur maintien. DEMARCHE: Les systèmes de délivrance du traitement et de prestation des soins liés au VIH/sida gérés par des médecins qui ont été mis en place dans les pays industrialisés ne peuvent être reproduits dans les pays où le VIH/sida est fortement prévalent et l’accès au personnel médical très restreint. Il faut donc que les systèmes de soins exploitent mieux les ressources humaines disponibles. CONTEXTE LOCAL: A partir de l’exemple du Botswana, nous étudions la sous-utilisation du personnel infirmier dans la prise en charge à long terme des patients ayant besoin d’un traitement antirétroviral. MODIFICATIONS PERTINENTES: Pour que les programmes de délivrance de traitements ART soient durables, il faut, à notre avis, que le personnel infirmier assure des soins cliniques d’un certain niveau auprès des patients recevant ce type de traitement, et notamment la prescription des ART et la prise en charge des effets indésirables courants. ENSEIGNEMENTS TIRÉS: Parmi les considérations pratiques intervenant dans l’extension des systèmes de délivrance des traitements ART gérés par du personnel infirmier, figurent l’élimination des barrières politiques et professionnelles, l’identification des besoins en matière de formation, la concertation sur les limites à fixer aux pratiques infirmières, l’élaboration de procédures claires pour l’orientation vers du personnel médical ou infirmier et la mise au point de mécanismes pour surveiller et superviser ces pratiques. Des études relevant de la recherche opérationnelle sont nécessaires pour démontrer la sécurité, l’efficacité et la durabilité de tels systèmes.

          Translated abstract

          PROBLEMA: A medida que se aplican los programas destinados a suministrar tratamiento antirretroviral (TAR) en entornos con recursos limitados, el problema no es tanto encontrar la manera de financiar esos programas como determinar quién se responsabilizará de su implementación y mantenimiento. MÉTODOS: Los modelos de tratamiento y atención de la infección por VIH dirigidos por el médico que han surgido en los países industrializados no son reproducibles en los entornos con alta prevalencia de esa infección y acceso limitado a personal médico. Es preciso, por tanto, que los modelos de atención aprovechen mejor los recursos humanos disponibles. CONTEXTO LOCAL: Tomando Botswana como ejemplo, analizamos la infrautilización que se hace del personal de enfermería en el manejo clínico a largo plazo de los pacientes que requieren TAR. CAMBIOS DESTACABLES: Argumentamos que, para que los programas de TAR sean sostenibles, las enfermeras tendrán que asumir parte de la atención clínica de los pacientes que reciban esa terapia, incluidos la prescripción de TAR y el manejo de efectos adversos comunes. ENSEÑANZAS EXTRAIDAS: Entre los aspectos prácticos que plantea la expansión de los modelos de suministro de TAR dirigidos por personal de enfermería cabe citar la necesidad de superar barreras políticas y profesionales, la identificación de las necesidades educacionales, el establecimiento de vías de derivación claras entre los médicos y el personal de enfermería, y la formulación de mecanismos de vigilancia y supervisión de las prácticas. Es necesario emprender investigaciones operacionales para comprobar si esos modelos son seguros, eficaces y sostenibles.

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          Outcomes after two years of providing antiretroviral treatment in Khayelitsha, South Africa.

          A community-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) programme was established in 2001 in a South African township to explore the operational issues involved in providing ART in the public sector in resource-limited settings and demonstrate the feasibility of such a service. Data was analysed on a cohort of patients with symptomatic HIV disease and a CD4 lymphocyte count or =50 x 10 cells/l, and 81.8% for those with a baseline CD4 lymphocyte count < 50 x 10 cells/l. The cumulative probability of changing a single antiretroviral drug by 24 months was 15.1% due to adverse events or contraindications, and 8.4% due to adverse events alone. ART can be provided in resource-limited settings with good patient retention and clinical outcomes. With responsible implementation, ART is a key component of a comprehensive response to the epidemic in those communities most affected by HIV.
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            Estimating health workforce needs for antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings

            Background Efforts to increase access to life-saving treatment, including antiretroviral therapy (ART), for people living with HIV/AIDS in resource-limited settings has been the growing focus of international efforts. One of the greatest challenges to scaling up will be the limited supply of adequately trained human resources for health, including doctors, nurses, pharmacists and other skilled providers. As national treatment programmes are planned, better estimates of human resource needs and improved approaches to assessing the impact of different staffing models are critically needed. However there have been few systematic assessments of staffing patterns in existing programmes or of the estimates being used in planning larger programmes. Methods We reviewed the published literature and selected plans and scaling-up proposals, interviewed experts and collected data on staffing patterns at existing treatment sites through a structured survey and site visits. Results We found a wide range of staffing patterns and patient-provider ratios in existing and planned treatment programmes. Many factors influenced health workforce needs, including task assignments, delivery models, other staff responsibilities and programme size. Overall, the number of health care workers required to provide ART to 1000 patients included 1–2 physicians, 2–7 nurses, <1 to 3 pharmacy staff, and a much wider range of counsellors and treatment supporters. We estimate from these data that the equivalent of 20 000 to 100 000 physicians, nurses, pharmacists and other core clinical staff will be needed to meet the WHO target of treating 3 million people by the end of 2005. The total number of staff, including counsellors, administrators and other cadres, could be substantially higher. Discussion These data are consistent with other estimates of human resource requirements for antiretroviral therapy, but highlight the considerable variability of current staffing models and the importance of a broad range of factors in determining personnel needs. Few outcome or cost data are currently available to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of different staffing models, and it will be important to develop improved methods for gathering this information as treatment programmes are scaled up.
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              Assessment of a pilot antiretroviral drug therapy programme in Uganda: patients' response, survival, and drug resistance.

              Little is known about how to implement antiretroviral treatment programmes in resource-limited countries. We assessed the UNAIDS/Uganda Ministry of Health HIV Drug Access Initiative--one of the first pilot antiretroviral programmes in Africa--in which patients paid for their medications at negotiated reduced prices. We assessed patients' clinical and laboratory information from August, 1998, to July, 2000, from three of the five accredited treatment centres in Uganda, and tested a subset of specimens for phenotypic drug resistance. 912 patients presented for care at five treatment centres. We assessed the care of 476 patients at three centres, of whom 399 started antiretroviral therapy. 204 (51%) received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 189 (47%) dual nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (2NRTI), and six (2%) NRTI monotherapy. Median baseline CD4 cell counts were 73 cells/microL (IQR 15-187); viral load was 193817 copies/mL (37013-651 716). The probability of remaining alive and in care was 0.63 (95% CI 0.58-0.67) at 6 months and 0.49 (0.43-0.55) at 1 year. Patients receiving HAART had greater virological responses than those receiving 2NRTI. Cox's proportional hazards models adjusted for viral load and regimen showed that a CD4 cell count of less than 50 cells/microL (vs 50 cells/microL or more) was strongly associated with death (hazard ratio 2.93 [1.51-5.68], p=0.001). Among 82 patients with a viral load of more than 1000 copies/mL more than 90 days into therapy, phenotypic resistance to NRTIs was found for 47 (57%): 29 of 37 (78%) who never received HAART versus 18 of 45 (40%) who received HAART (p=0.0005). This pilot programme successfully expanded access to antiretroviral drugs in Uganda. Identification and treatment of patients earlier in the course of their illness and increased use of HAART could improve probability of survival and decrease drug resistance.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra, Genebra, Switzerland )
                0042-9686
                July 2007
                : 85
                : 7
                : 555-560
                Affiliations
                [02] London orgnameUniversity College Medical School orgdiv1Mortimer Market Centre England
                [04] Gaborone orgnameInstitute of Health Science Botswana
                [01] orgnameRoyal Free orgdiv1Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research orgdiv2Camden Primary Care Trust
                [06] Gaborone orgnameAfrican Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Partnerships Botswana
                [03] Edinburgh orgnameLothian University Hospitals orgdiv1Department of Genitourinary Medicine Scotland
                [05] Gaborone orgnameUniversity of Botswana orgdiv1Department of Nursing Education Botswana
                Article
                S0042-96862007000700014 S0042-9686(07)08500714
                10.2471/BLT.06.033076
                d9c1b08c-d5b0-434c-ba6b-c8f76764369b

                History
                : 03 July 2006
                : 14 January 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Lessons from the Field

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