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      La otra transición epidemiológica: hitos en el desarrollo de la epidemiología de los factores de riesgo en Colombia Translated title: The other epidemiologic transition: landmarks in the development of risk factor epidemiology in Colombia

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          Abstract

          Este artículo describe la manera como emergió la epidemiología de los factores de riesgo en Colombia y algunos desarrollos posteriores. Los orígenes de la epidemiología de los factores de riesgo se relacionan con la situación sanitaria nacional de mediados del siglo XX, que muestran un cambio en el perfil de presentación de enfermedades infecciosas y nutricionales hacia un perfil con predominio de enfermedades crónicas y traumatismos. Se describen los principales hitos en la historia de la epidemiología de los factores de riesgo nacional: los estudios sobre bocio endémico, cáncer gástrico y cáncer de cuello uterino, y efectos adversos de la desnutrición infantil, y las encuestas de salud locales. El influjo que la Fundación Rockefeller y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud tuvieron sobre la enseñanza de la epidemiología en Colombia es destacado. Finalmente, se describen las principales líneas de investigación actuales y se sugieren algunas pautas de investigación para los futuros historiadores de la salud pública y la epidemiología colombiana.

          Translated abstract

          The history of risk factor epidemiology is detailed as it emerged in Colombia as well as more recent developments. The origins of risk factor epidemiology are described in the context of the national health situation of the mid-20th century, when changes were occurring in the profiles of infectious and nutritional diseases in comparison to chronic diseases and traumatisms. The main achievements in the history of national risk factor epidemiology are described, including: the studies on endemic goiter, gastric and uterine cervical cancers, adverse effects of child undernourishment, and the institution of local health surveys. The important influence of the Rockefeller Foundation and the Pan American Health Organization on the epidemiology education in Colombia is highlighted. Finally, the main, currently active research lines in epidemiology are described. Investigative guidelines are suggested for future historians of Colombian public health and epidemiology.

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          Most cited references166

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          Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective.

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            Bringing context back into epidemiology: variables and fallacies in multilevel analysis.

            A large portion of current epidemiologic research is based on methodologic individualism: the notion that the distribution of health and disease in populations can be explained exclusively in terms of the characteristics of individuals. The present paper discusses the need to include group- or macro-level variables in epidemiologic studies, thus incorporating multiple levels of determination in the study of health outcomes. These types of analyses, which have been called contextual or multi-level analyses, challenge epidemiologists to develop theoretical models of disease causation that extend across levels and explain how group-level and individual-level variables interact in shaping health and disease. They also raise a series of methodological issues, including the need to select the appropriate contextual unit and contextual variables, to correctly specify the individual-level model, and, in some cases, to account for residual correlation between individuals within contexts. Despite its complexities, multilevel analysis holds potential for reemphasizing the role of macro-level variables in shaping health and disease in populations.
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              Epidemiology and the web of causation: has anyone seen the spider?

              N Krieger (1994)
              'Multiple causation' is the canon of contemporary epidemiology, and its metaphor and model is the 'web of causation.' First articulated in a 1960 U.S. epidemiology textbook, the 'web' remains a widely accepted but poorly elaborated model, reflecting in part the contemporary stress on epidemiologic methods over epidemiologic theories of disease causation. This essay discusses the origins, features, and problems of the 'web,' including its hidden reliance upon the framework of biomedical individualism to guide the choice of factors incorporated in the 'web.' Posing the question of the whereabouts of the putative 'spider,' the author examines several contemporary approaches to epidemiologic theory, including those which stress biological evolution and adaptation and those which emphasize the social production of disease. To better integrate biologic and social understandings of current and changing population patterns of health and disease, the essay proposes an ecosocial framework for developing epidemiologic theory. Features of this alternative approach are discussed, a preliminary image is offered, and debate is encouraged.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bio
                Biomédica
                Biomédica
                Instituto Nacional de Salud (Bogotá )
                0120-4157
                December 2008
                : 28
                : 4
                : 480-496
                Affiliations
                [1 ] , Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública Mexico
                [2 ] Universidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia
                [3 ] Universidad Industrial de Santander Colombia
                [4 ] Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública Mexico
                Article
                S0120-41572008000400003
                daed4885-f0c5-461e-b8e4-b379f1671b70

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0120-4157&lng=en
                Categories
                TROPICAL MEDICINE

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                Health transition,risk factors,Colombia,transición de la salud,factores de riesgo

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