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      Microbial biotechnologies for potable water production

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      Author(s): 1 , 1 ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Microbial Biotechnology
      Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc.

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          Abstract

          Sustainable Development Goal 6 requires the provision of safe drinking water to the world. We propose that increased exploitation of biological processes is fundamental to achieving this goal due to their low economic and energetic costs. Biological processes exist for the removal of most common contaminants, and biofiltration processes can establish a biologically stable product that retains high quality in distribution networks, minimizing opportunities for pathogen invasion.

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          Flow-cytometric total bacterial cell counts as a descriptive microbiological parameter for drinking water treatment processes.

          Frederik Hammes, Michael Berney, Yingying Wang … (2008)
          There are significantly more microbial cells in drinking water than what can be cultured on synthetic growth media. Nonetheless, cultivation-based heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) are used worldwide as a general microbial quality parameter in drinking water treatment and distribution. Total bacterial cell concentrations are normally not considered during drinking water treatment as a design, operative or legislative parameters. This is mainly because easy and rapid methods for quantification of total bacterial cell concentrations have, up to now, not been available. As a consequence, the existing lack of data does not allow demonstrating the practical value of this parameter. In this study, we have used fluorescence staining of microbial cells with the nucleic acid stain SYBR((R)) Green I together with quantitative flow cytometry (FCM) to analyse total cell concentrations in water samples from a drinking water pilot plant. The plant treats surface water (Lake Zürich) through sequential ozonation, granular active carbon (GAC) filtration and membrane ultrafiltration (UF). The data were compared with adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) measurements and conventional HPCs performed on the same water samples. We demonstrated that the impact of all three major treatment steps on the microbiology in the system could accurately be described with total cell counting: (1) ozonation caused chemical destruction of the bacterial cells; (2) GAC filtration facilitated significant regrowth of the microbial community; and (3) membrane UF physically removed the bacterial cells from the water. FCM typically detected 1-2 log units more than HPC, while ATP measurements were prone to interference from extracellular ATP released during the ozonation step in the treatment train. We have shown that total cell concentration measured with FCM is a rapid, easy, sensitive and importantly, a descriptive parameter of several widely applied drinking water treatment processes.
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            Bacterial community structure in the drinking water microbiome is governed by filtration processes.

            Glauce A Pinto, Lutgarde Raskin, Chuanwu Xi (2012)
            The bacterial community structure of a drinking water microbiome was characterized over three seasons using 16S rRNA gene based pyrosequencing of samples obtained from source water (a mix of a groundwater and a surface water), different points in a drinking water plant operated to treat this source water, and in the associated drinking water distribution system. Even though the source water was shown to seed the drinking water microbiome, treatment process operations limit the source water's influence on the distribution system bacterial community. Rather, in this plant, filtration by dual media rapid sand filters played a primary role in shaping the distribution system bacterial community over seasonal time scales as the filters harbored a stable bacterial community that seeded the water treatment processes past filtration. Bacterial taxa that colonized the filter and sloughed off in the filter effluent were able to persist in the distribution system despite disinfection of finished water by chloramination and filter backwashing with chloraminated backwash water. Thus, filter colonization presents a possible ecological survival strategy for bacterial communities in drinking water systems, which presents an opportunity to control the drinking water microbiome by manipulating the filter microbial community. Grouping bacterial taxa based on their association with the filter helped to elucidate relationships between the abundance of bacterial groups and water quality parameters and showed that pH was the strongest regulator of the bacterial community in the sampled drinking water system.
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              Biological Stability of Drinking Water: Controlling Factors, Methods, and Challenges

              Emmanuelle Prest, Frederik Hammes, Mark C. M. van Loosdrecht … (2016)
              Biological stability of drinking water refers to the concept of providing consumers with drinking water of same microbial quality at the tap as produced at the water treatment facility. However, uncontrolled growth of bacteria can occur during distribution in water mains and premise plumbing, and can lead to hygienic (e.g., development of opportunistic pathogens), aesthetic (e.g., deterioration of taste, odor, color) or operational (e.g., fouling or biocorrosion of pipes) problems. Drinking water contains diverse microorganisms competing for limited available nutrients for growth. Bacterial growth and interactions are regulated by factors, such as (i) type and concentration of available organic and inorganic nutrients, (ii) type and concentration of residual disinfectant, (iii) presence of predators, such as protozoa and invertebrates, (iv) environmental conditions, such as water temperature, and (v) spatial location of microorganisms (bulk water, sediment, or biofilm). Water treatment and distribution conditions in water mains and premise plumbing affect each of these factors and shape bacterial community characteristics (abundance, composition, viability) in distribution systems. Improved understanding of bacterial interactions in distribution systems and of environmental conditions impact is needed for better control of bacterial communities during drinking water production and distribution. This article reviews (i) existing knowledge on biological stability controlling factors and (ii) how these factors are affected by drinking water production and distribution conditions. In addition, (iii) the concept of biological stability is discussed in light of experience with well-established and new analytical methods, enabling high throughput analysis and in-depth characterization of bacterial communities in drinking water. We discussed, how knowledge gained from novel techniques will improve design and monitoring of water treatment and distribution systems in order to maintain good drinking water microbial quality up to consumer’s tap. A new definition and methodological approach for biological stability is proposed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Barth F. Smets:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4119-6292
                bfsm@env.dtu.dk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Microb Biotechnol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Microb Biotechnol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1751-7915
                Journal ID (publisher-id): MBT2
                Title: Microbial Biotechnology
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1751-7915
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 September 2017
                Publication date Collection: September 2017
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 5 , The contribution of microbial biotechnology to sustainable development goals ( doiID: 10.1111/mbt2.2017.10.issue-5 )
                Pages: 1094-1097
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] DTU Environment Department of Environmental Engineering Technical University of Denmark Bygningstorvet 115 2800 Kgs Lyngby Denmark
                Author notes
                [*] [* ]For correspondence. E‐mail bfsm@ 123456env.dtu.dk ; Tel. +45 45251600; Fax +45 45932850.
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3178-0743
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4119-6292
                Article
                Publisher ID: MBT212837
                DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12837
                PMC ID: 5609255
                PubMed ID: 28905496
                SO-VID: daf2a3e7-dc8d-413a-8957-878f3bb9037a
                Copyright © © 2017 The Authors. Microbial Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Society for Applied Microbiology.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 21 July 2017
                Date accepted : 21 July 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Pages: 4, Words: 2973
                Funding
                Funded by: Villum Fonden
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Goal 6. Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id mbt212837
                cover-date September 2017
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.2.0 mode:remove_FC converted:22.09.2017

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biotechnology
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biotechnology

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