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      Prevalence of problematic internet use in Slovenia Translated title: RAZŠIRJENOST PROBLEMATIČNE UPORABE INTERNETA V SLOVENIJI

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          Abstract

          Background

          Internet use is an integral part of our everyday activities; however, Internet use may become problematic and harmful in a minority of cases. The majority of reported prevalence rates of problematic Internet use refer to adolescent samples, whereas epidemiological studies on representative adult populations are lacking. This study aimed to reveal the prevalence and characteristics of problematic Internet use in Slovenia.

          Methods

          Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ) was included in European Health Interview Study (EHIS) on representative Slovenian sample. The frequency of Internet use and problematic Internet use were both assessed.

          Results

          59.9% of Slovenian adult population uses the Internet daily, and 3.1% are at risk of becoming problematic Internet users, 11% in the age group from 20 to 24 years. Those being at risk for becoming problematic Internet users are younger (mean age 31.3 vs. 48.3 for non-problematic users), more likely to be males (3.6% of males, whereas 2.6% of females are affected), students (12.0%), unemployed (6.3%) or unable to work (8.7%), single (6.5%), with high education (4.5%). Regression analysis revealed that the strongest predictor of being at risk for problematic Internet use is age (ß=-0.338, p<0.001); followed by high educational level (ß=0.145; p<0.001) and student status (ß=0.136; p<0.001).

          Conclusion

          3.1% of Slovenian adult population are at risk of becoming problematic Internet users, whereas 3 out of 20 Slovenian adolescents aged from 18 to 19 years are at risk (14.6%). Prevention programs and treatment for those affected are paramount, especially for the young generation.

          Izvleček

          Namen

          Internet je sestavni del naših življenj, vendar pa lahko ima prekomerna uporaba interneta pri posameznikih neugodne posledice. Zasvojenost z internetom je sodoben fenomen, konceptualno še nedorečen, vse več raziskav pa opozarja na problematično uporabo interneta in njene posledice. Večina tovrstnih študij je bila izvedenih na vzorcu mladih in študentov, medtem ko jih na reprezentativnih vzorcih odraslih – kot je primer te študije – primanjkuje. Namen pričujoče raziskave je bil ugotoviti razširjenost in lastnosti problematične uporabe interneta v Sloveniji.

          Metode

          Vprašalnik o problematični uporabi interneta (ang. Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire) je bil pridružen Anketi o zdravju in zdravstvenem varstvu, izvedeni na reprezentativnem slovenskem vzorcu. Izmerjeni sta bili pogostost uporabe interneta in problematična uporaba interneta.

          Rezultati

          59,9% slovenske odrasle populacije dnevno uporablja internet in 3,1% jih je izpostavljenih tveganju, da postanejo problematični uporabniki interneta, kar 11% jih je v starostni skupini od 20 do 24 let. Tveganju so izpostavljeni predvsem mlajši (njihova povprečna starost je 31,1 let v primerjavi s povprečno starostjo neproblematičnih uporabnikov 48,3 let, ob upoštevanju da je bila starost analizirane populacije med 18 in 95 let); bolj verjetna je med moškimi (3,6% moških v primerjavi z 2,6% žensk, ki so izpostavljene tveganju), študenti (12,0%), brezposelnimi (6,3%) in osebami, nezmožnimi za delo (8,7%), samskimi (6,5%) ter osebami z višjo izobrazbo (4,5%). Regresijska analiza je pokazala, da je najmočnejši pokazatelj tveganja za razvoj problematične uporabe interneta starost (ß=−0,338, p<0,001), sledi ji univerzitetna izobrazba (ß=0,145; p<0,001) in status študenta (ß=0,136; p<0,001).

          Zaključek

          3,1% slovenske odrasle populacije je izpostavljene tveganju, da postanejo problematični uporabniki interneta. Najbolj so izpostavljeni mladi, stari med 18 in 19 let: kar trije od dvajsetih (14,6%). Ključnega pomena je priprava preventivnih programov s posebnim poudarkom na mladih ter nudenje terapije tistim, ki jo potrebujejo.

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          Most cited references26

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          A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use

          R.A. Davis (2001)
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            Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research

            Background Behavioral addiction research has been particularly flourishing over the last two decades. However, recent publications have suggested that nearly all daily life activities might lead to a genuine addiction. Methods and aim In this article, we discuss how the use of atheoretical and confirmatory research approaches may result in the identification of an unlimited list of “new” behavioral addictions. Results Both methodological and theoretical shortcomings of these studies were discussed. Conclusions We suggested that studies overpathologizing daily life activities are likely to prompt a dismissive appraisal of behavioral addiction research. Consequently, we proposed several roadmaps for future research in the field, centrally highlighting the need for longer tenable behavioral addiction research that shifts from a mere criteria-based approach toward an approach focusing on the psychological processes involved.
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              An overview of problematic internet use.

              Problematic Internet use (PIU), which has become a global social issue, can be broadly conceptualized as an inability to control one's use of the Internet which leads to negative consequences in daily life. The aim of this paper is to give a brief overview of the gradually evolving body of literature on PIU. This shows that the definitions and diagnostic criteria that have been proposed, and the assessment tools that have been developed, stress similarities between PIU, addictive behaviours and impulse-control disorders. Disagreements regarding diagnostic criteria and the lack of large epidemiological studies have resulted in difficulties in establishing the prevalence of PIU in the general population. Studies suggest high comorbidity rates between PIU and numerous psychiatric disorders highlighting the importance of focusing on comorbidity in treatment. There is growing evidence that genetic, personality and individual differences in automatic and controlled aspects of self-regulation may promote the development of PIU. Pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatments specific to PIU have received limited testing in large, rigorous studies however preliminary evidence suggests that both psychotropic medications (Escitalopram, Naltrexone and Methylphenidate) and cognitive behaviour therapy may have some utility in the treatment of PIU. More research is needed on areas which remain unclear and contribute to the prognosis of PIU, in particular the temporal relationships between psychiatric disorder and PIU, mechanisms of comorbidity and the more subtle psychological changes that occur through Internet use. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Zdr Varst
                Zdr Varst
                sjph
                sjph
                Slovenian Journal of Public Health
                De Gruyter
                0351-0026
                1854-2476
                1 September 2016
                10 May 2016
                : 55
                : 3
                : 202-211
                Affiliations
                [1] 1National Institute of Public Health, Trubarjeva 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
                [2] 2Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
                [3] 3Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
                Author notes
                Tel: ++ 386 1 2441 569
                Article
                sjph-2016-0026
                10.1515/sjph-2016-0026
                5031070
                dbc44e1d-0489-4873-b044-5be0abaacbf6
                © National Institute of Public Health, Slovenia

                This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

                History
                : 21 August 2015
                : 23 March 2016
                Page count
                Pages: 10
                Categories
                Research Article

                internet addiction,problematic internet use,assessment,prevalence,epidemiology,behavioural addiction

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