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      Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time Differ According to Education Level in Young Adults

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          Abstract

          This study examined the association of education level with objectively measured physical activity and sedentary time in young adults. Data from the Finnish ESTER study (2009–2011) ( n = 538) was used to examine the association between educational attainment and different subcomponents of physical activity and sedentary time measured using hip-worn accelerometers (ActiGraph GT1M) for seven consecutive days. Overall physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), light-intensity physical activity and sedentary time were calculated separately for weekdays and weekend days. A latent profile analysis was conducted to identify the different profiles of sedentary time and the subcomponents of physical activity. The educational differences in accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time varied according to the subcomponents of physical activity, and between weekdays and weekend days. A high education level was associated with high MVPA during weekdays and weekend days in both sexes, high sedentary time during weekdays in both sexes, and a low amount of light-intensity physical activity during weekdays in males and during weekdays and weekend days in females. The results indicate different challenges related to unhealthy behaviours in young adults with low and high education: low education is associated with a lack of MVPA, whereas high education is associated with a lack of light-intensity physical activity and high sedentary time especially during weekdays.

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          Most cited references22

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          Calibration of the Computer Science and Applications, Inc. accelerometer.

          We established accelerometer count ranges for the Computer Science and Applications, Inc. (CSA) activity monitor corresponding to commonly employed MET categories. Data were obtained from 50 adults (25 males, 25 females) during treadmill exercise at three different speeds (4.8, 6.4, and 9.7 km x h(-1)). Activity counts and steady-state oxygen consumption were highly correlated (r = 0.88), and count ranges corresponding to light, moderate, hard, and very hard intensity levels were or = 9499 cnts x min(-1), respectively. A model to predict energy expenditure from activity counts and body mass was developed using data from a random sample of 35 subjects (r2 = 0.82, SEE = 1.40 kcal x min(-1)). Cross validation with data from the remaining 15 subjects revealed no significant differences between actual and predicted energy expenditure at any treadmill speed (SEE = 0.50-1.40 kcal x min(-1)). These data provide a template on which patterns of activity can be classified into intensity levels using the CSA accelerometer.
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            Breaks in sedentary time: beneficial associations with metabolic risk.

            Total sedentary (absence of whole-body movement) time is associated with obesity, abnormal glucose metabolism, and the metabolic syndrome. In addition to the effects of total sedentary time, the manner in which it is accumulated may also be important. We examined the association of breaks in objectively measured sedentary time with biological markers of metabolic risk. Participants (n = 168, mean age 53.4 years) for this cross-sectional study were recruited from the 2004-2005 Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study. Sedentary time was measured by an accelerometer (counts/minute(-1) or = 100) was considered a break. Fasting plasma glucose, 2-h plasma glucose, serum triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, weight, height, waist circumference, and resting blood pressure were measured. MatLab was used to derive the breaks variable; SPSS was used for the statistical analysis. Independent of total sedentary time and moderate-to-vigorous intensity activity time, increased breaks in sedentary time were beneficially associated with waist circumference (standardized beta = -0.16, 95% CI -0.31 to -0.02, P = 0.026), BMI (beta = -0.19, -0.35 to -0.02, P = 0.026), triglycerides (beta = -0.18, -0.34 to -0.02, P = 0.029), and 2-h plasma glucose (beta = -0.18, -0.34 to -0.02, P = 0.025). This study provides evidence of the importance of avoiding prolonged uninterrupted periods of sedentary (primarily sitting) time. These findings suggest new public health recommendations regarding breaking up sedentary time that are complementary to those for physical activity.
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              The descriptive epidemiology of sitting. A 20-country comparison using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).

              Recent epidemiologic evidence points to the health risks of prolonged sitting, that are independent of physical activity, but few papers have reported the descriptive epidemiology of sitting in population studies with adults. This paper reports the prevalence of "high sitting time" and its correlates in an international study in 20 countries. Representative population samples from 20 countries were collected 2002-2004, and a question was asked on usual weekday hours spent sitting. This question was part of the International Prevalence Study, using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The sitting measure has acceptable reliability and validity. Daily sitting time was compared among countries, and by age group, gender, educational attainment, and physical activity. Data were available for 49,493 adults aged 18-65 years from 20 countries. The median reported sitting time was 300 minutes/day, with an interquartile range of 180-480 minutes. Countries reporting the lowest amount of sitting included Portugal, Brazil, and Colombia (medians ≤180 min/day), whereas adults in Taiwan, Norway, Hong Kong, Saudi Arabia, and Japan reported the highest sitting times (medians ≥360 min/day). In adjusted analyses, adults aged 40-65 years were significantly less likely to be in the highest quintile for sitting than adults aged 18-39 years (AOR=0.796), and those with postschool education had higher sitting times compared with those with high school or less education (OR=1.349). Physical activity showed an inverse relationship, with those reporting low activity on the IPAQ three times more likely to be in the highest-sitting quintile compared to those reporting high physical activity. Median sitting time varied widely across countries. Assessing sitting time is an important new area for preventive medicine, in addition to assessing physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Population surveys that monitor lifestyle behaviors should add measures of sitting time to physical activity surveillance. Moreover, the use of objective measures to capture the spectrum of sedentary (sitting) and physical activity behaviors is encouraged, particularly in low- and middle-income countries commencing new surveillance activities. Copyright © 2011 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                12 July 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 7
                : e0158902
                Affiliations
                [1 ]LIKES–Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, Jyväskylä, Finland
                [2 ]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPE) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
                [3 ]Chronic Disease Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland
                [4 ]Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
                [5 ]PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
                [6 ]Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare Oulu, Oulu, Finland
                [7 ]Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
                [8 ]Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
                [9 ]Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
                [10 ]Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
                [11 ]Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
                Kent State University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: MTK MT MV MSL EK MRJ THT. Performed the experiments: MTK MT MV MSL EK MRJ THT. Analyzed the data: MTK AK HH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AK UE HH. Wrote the paper: MTK MT AK MV MSL UE HH MRJ EK THT.

                Article
                PONE-D-16-06264
                10.1371/journal.pone.0158902
                4942033
                27403958
                dbe296f7-5ae4-43f3-b475-4fa8e918a1c2
                © 2016 Kantomaa et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 13 February 2016
                : 23 June 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 4, Pages: 13
                Funding
                Funded by: Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture
                Award ID: OKM/123/626/2012
                Funded by: the Academy of Finland
                Award ID: 273971, 127437, 129306, 130326, 134791, 263924
                Funded by: Doctoral Programme in Public Health (DPPH)
                Funded by: Emil Aaltonen Foundation
                Funded by: Finnish Foundation for Pediatric Research
                Funded by: Jalmari and Rauha Ahokas Foundation
                Funded by: Juho Vainio Foundation
                Funded by: National Graduate School of Clinical Investigation
                Funded by: Novo Nordisk Foundation
                Funded by: Signe and Ane Gyllengerg Foundation
                Funded by: Sigrid Jusélius Foundation
                Funded by: Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation
                This study was funded by the Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture (OKM/123/626/2012) and the Academy of Finland (grant 273971). The Ester study was supported by grants from the Academy of Finland (grants 127437, 129306, 130326, 134791, and 263924), Doctoral Programme in Public Health (DPPH), Emil Aaltonen Foundation, Finnish Foundation for Pediatric Research, Jalmari and Rauha Ahokas Foundation, Juho Vainio Foundation, National Graduate School of Clinical Investigation, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation, Sigrid Jusélius Foundation, and Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Physical Activity
                Social Sciences
                Sociology
                Education
                Educational Attainment
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Endocrinology
                Endocrine Disorders
                Diabetes Mellitus
                Gestational Diabetes
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Metabolic Disorders
                Diabetes Mellitus
                Gestational Diabetes
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Young Adults
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Women's Health
                Maternal Health
                Birth
                Preterm Birth
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Women's Health
                Obstetrics and Gynecology
                Birth
                Preterm Birth
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Women's Health
                Maternal Health
                Pregnancy
                Pregnancy Complications
                Preterm Birth
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Women's Health
                Obstetrics and Gynecology
                Pregnancy
                Pregnancy Complications
                Preterm Birth
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Endocrinology
                Endocrine Disorders
                Diabetes Mellitus
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Metabolic Disorders
                Diabetes Mellitus
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Public and Occupational Health
                Behavioral and Social Aspects of Health
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Vascular Medicine
                Blood Pressure
                Hypertension
                Custom metadata
                The data come from the Ester study run by the National Institute of Health and Welfare. For data requests, please contact the Institute at kirjaamo@ 123456thl.fi . Early life data of participants belonging to the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 are available from the Scientific Board of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort for researchers who meet the criteria for access to confidential data. Data requests may be subject to further review by the national register authority and by the ethics committee and may also be subject to individual participant consent.

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