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      Hemocompatibility investigation and improvement of near-infrared persistent luminescent nanoparticle ZnGa 2O 4:Cr 3+ by surface PEGylation

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          Abstract

          ZnGa 2O 4:Cr 3+ hemocompatibility was systematically investigated from the aspects of hemolysis, erythrocyte morphology, coagulation and complement system activation, and greatly improved by surface PEGylation.

          Abstract

          Although near-infrared persistent luminescent nanoparticles are widely used in optical imaging of tumors and grafted cells, there is no report on the behavior of chromium-doped zinc gallate (ZnGa 2O 4:Cr 3+,ZGC) nanoparticles in contact with blood. In this work, monodisperse ZGC NPs with a size of about 10 nm usually used in bioimaging were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. We have evaluated the effect of ZGC NPs on blood in terms of hemolysis, and erythrocyte morphology, erythrocyte aggregation, coagulation, thrombosis and complement system activation. We improved ZGC NP blood compatibility by functionalizing them with hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers. Experimental results demonstrate that the pristine ZGC NPs at a concentration of 0.5 mg mL −1 induce hemolysis, erythrocyte morphology changes and delayed clotting, whereas no significant difference is observed with PEGylated ZGC (ZGC-PEG). However, neither ZGC nor ZGC-PEG caused thrombosis and inflammatory complement activation, which provides a basic foundation for in vivo imaging.

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          Organic long persistent luminescence

          Ryota Kabe, Chihaya Adachi (2017)
          Long persistent luminescence (LPL) materials—widely commercialized as ‘glow-in-the-dark’ paints—store excitation energy in excited states that slowly release this energy as light. At present, most LPL materials are based on an inorganic system of strontium aluminium oxide (SrAl2O4) doped with europium and dysprosium, and exhibit emission for more than ten hours. However, this system requires rare elements and temperatures higher than 1,000 degrees Celsius during fabrication, and light scattering by SrAl2O4 powders limits the transparency of LPL paints. Here we show that an organic LPL (OLPL) system of two simple organic molecules that is free from rare elements and easy to fabricate can generate emission that lasts for more than one hour at room temperature. Previous organic systems, which were based on two-photon ionization, required high excitation intensities and low temperatures. By contrast, our OLPL system—which is based on emission from excited complexes (exciplexes) upon the recombination of long-lived charge-separated states—can be excited by a standard white LED light source and generate long emission even at temperatures above 100 degrees Celsius. This OLPL system is transparent, soluble, and potentially flexible and colour-tunable, opening new applications for LPL in large-area and flexible paints, biomarkers, fabrics, and windows. Moreover, the study of long-lived charge separation in this system should advance understanding of a wide variety of organic semiconductor devices.
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            The in vivo activation of persistent nanophosphors for optical imaging of vascularization, tumours and grafted cells.

            Thomas Maldiney, Aurélie Bessière, Johanne Seguin … (2014)
            Optical imaging for biological applications requires more sensitive tools. Near-infrared persistent luminescence nanoparticles enable highly sensitive in vivo optical detection and complete avoidance of tissue autofluorescence. However, the actual generation of persistent luminescence nanoparticles necessitates ex vivo activation before systemic administration, which prevents long-term imaging in living animals. Here, we introduce a new generation of optical nanoprobes, based on chromium-doped zinc gallate, whose persistent luminescence can be activated in vivo through living tissues using highly penetrating low-energy red photons. Surface functionalization of this photonic probe can be adjusted to favour multiple biomedical applications such as tumour targeting. Notably, we show that cells can endocytose these nanoparticles in vitro and that, after intravenous injection, we can track labelled cells in vivo and follow their biodistribution by a simple whole animal optical detection, opening new perspectives for cell therapy research and for a variety of diagnosis applications.
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              Functional near infrared-emitting Cr3+/Pr3+ co-doped zinc gallogermanate persistent luminescent nanoparticles with superlong afterglow for in vivo targeted bioimaging.

              Abdukader Abdukayum, Jia-Tong Chen, Qiang Zhao … (2013)
              Near infrared (NIR)-emitting persistent luminescent nanoparticles (PLNPs) have great potential for in vivo bioimaging with the advantages of no need for in situ excitation, high signal-to-noise ratio, and deep tissue penetration. However, functional NIR-emitting PLNPs with long afterglow for long-term in vivo imaging are lacking. Here, we show the synthesis of NIR-emitting long-persistent luminescent nanoparticles (LPLNPs) Zn2.94Ga1.96Ge2O10:Cr(3+),Pr(3+) by a citrate sol-gel method in combination with a subsequent reducing atmosphere-free calcination. The persistent luminescence of the LPLNPs is significantly improved via codoping Pr(3+)/Cr(3+) and creating suitable Zn deficiency in zinc gallogermanate. The LPLNP powder exhibits bright NIR luminescence in the biological transparency window with a superlong afterglow time of over 15 days. A persistent energy transfer between host and Cr(3+) ion in the LPLNPs is observed and its mechanism is discussed. PEGylation greatly improves the biocompatibility and water solubility of the LPLNPs. Further bioconjugation with c(RGDyK) peptide makes the LPLNPs promising for long-term in vivo targeted tumor imaging with low toxicity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Cyrille Richard: (View ORCID Profile)
                Yingshuai Liu: (View ORCID Profile)
                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JMCBDV
                Title: Journal of Materials Chemistry B
                Abbreviated Title: J. Mater. Chem. B
                Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                ISSN (Print): 2050-750X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2050-7518
                Publication date Created: June 19 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 2019
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 24
                Pages: 3796-3803
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Key laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University)
                [2 ]Ministry of Education, Institute for Clean Energy and Advanced Materials
                [3 ]School of Materials and Energy
                [4 ]Southwest University
                [5 ]Chongqing
                [6 ]Central Laboratory of Yongchuan Hospital
                [7 ]Chongqing Medical University
                [8 ]Chongqing 402160
                [9 ]China
                [10 ]Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé (UTCBS)
                [11 ]UMR 8258 CNRS
                [12 ]U 1022 Inserm
                [13 ]Université Paris Descartes
                [14 ]Sorbonne Paris Cité
                Article
                DOI: 10.1039/C9TB00378A
                SO-VID: dd1c9866-ee22-4cce-b6a5-152011962b5b
                Copyright © © 2019
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                http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use

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