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      Comparación de parámetros metabólicos en pacientes adultos y ancianos sometidos a cirugía bariátrica: una cohorte prospectiva Translated title: Comparison of metabolic effects of bariatric surgery in a group of elderly and young adults: a prospective cohort

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: El objetivo fue evaluar los parámetros metabólicos en pacientes adultos ≥65 años en comparación con adultos <65 años a los 3 y 6 meses de ser sometidos a cirugía bariátrica (CB). Material y Métodos: Estudio analítico de cohorte prospectiva en 40 pacientes sometidos a CB durante el periodo julio de 2015 y marzo de 2018. Los pacientes fueron divididos en dos grupos (A: ≥65 años; B: <65 años) y se evaluaron parámetros antropométricos y parámetros bioquímicos antes de la CB y a los 3 y 6 meses posteriores. Se calculó el porcentaje de peso perdido (PEPP) y se evaluó el índice triglicéridos/HDLc (TAG/HDLc) como marcador de insulinorresistencia. Una p<0.05 se consideró estadísticamente significativa. Resultados: De los 40 pacientes sometidos a la CB, se incluyeron 36: 21 pacientes eran del grupo A (mediana de edad: 59, RIQ: 48-61 años) y 15 pacientes del grupo B (mediana de edad: 67, RIQ: 66-69 años), el porcentaje de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 era de 53% (n=8) en B vs. 43% (n=9) en A. Luego de 3 y 6 meses post- CB se observó en el grupo B un descenso en el peso, índice de masa corporal y porcentaje de exceso de peso perdido (PEPP) no significativo, disminución en los niveles de glucemia y HbA1c sumado a un aumento significativo en los niveles de HDLc, además de un descenso significativo del índice TAG/HDLc en el grupo B. Se encontró una correlación positiva entre los niveles de HbA1c y PEPP, HDLc y el índice TAG/HDLc así como el descenso del uso de antidiabéticos e hipolipemiantes en el grupo B. Conclusiones: Los efectos metabólicos de la CB alcanzaron beneficios significativos en la cohorte de AM, especialmente al reducir la insulinoresistencia, incluso en aquellos pacientes sin diagnóstico de diabetes tipo 2.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: The aim was to evaluate metabolic parameters in a group of patients older than 65 years old compared to younger adults at three and six months after bariatric surgery (BS). Material and Methods: Prospective analytic study of a cohort of 40 patients under BS since June, 2015 to March, 2018. Participants were divided into two groups (Group A: ≥65; B: <65 years old). Anthropometrics and metabolic parameters were assessed before and 3 and 6 months after BS. The excess weight loss percentage (EWLP) and the Triglycerides/HDLc (TAG/HDLc) ratio, as a marker of insulin resistance, were also evaluated. A p <0.05 was statistically significant. Results: Forty patients were under BS, we included thirty six: 21 patients were at group A (median age: 59, RIQ: 48-61 years old) and 15 at group B (median age 67, RIQ: 66-69 years old), the prevalence of patients with type 2 diabetes was 53% (n=8) in group B vs. 43% (n=9) at group A. After 3 and 6 months of BS, we found no statistical difference between groups in weight loss and the EWLP and the decrease in fasting blood glucose (FBG), HbAc1% levels but a significant rise in the levels of HDLc in group B. We observed a statistically decrease in the TAG/HDLc ratio and a positive correlation between HbA1c% and levels of FBG, HDLc and the TAG/HDLc ratio in group B. Moreover, we found a reduction in the use of antidiabetics and lipid lowering drugs in this age group. Conclusions: The metabolic effects of BS achieved significant benefits in the ≥65 y/o cohort, especially by decreasing insulin resistance, even in those patients without diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.

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          Bariatric Surgery versus Intensive Medical Therapy for Diabetes — 5-Year Outcomes

          Background Long-term results from randomized, controlled trials that compare medical therapy with surgical therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes are limited. Methods We assessed outcomes 5 years after 150 patients who had type 2 diabetes and a body-mass index (BMI; the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) of 27 to 43 were randomly assigned to receive intensive medical therapy alone or intensive medical therapy plus Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy. The primary outcome was a glycated hemoglobin level of 6.0% or less with or without the use of diabetes medications. Results Of the 150 patients who underwent randomization, 1 patient died during the 5-year follow-up period; 134 of the remaining 149 patients (90%) completed 5 years of follow-up. At baseline, the mean (±SD) age of the 134 patients was 49±8 years, 66% were women, the mean glycated hemoglobin level was 9.2±1.5%, and the mean BMI was 37±3.5. At 5 years, the criterion for the primary end point was met by 2 of 38 patients (5%) who received medical therapy alone, as compared with 14 of 49 patients (29%) who underwent gastric bypass (unadjusted P=0.01, adjusted P=0.03, P=0.08 in the intention-to-treat analysis) and 11 of 47 patients (23%) who underwent sleeve gastrectomy (unadjusted P=0.03, adjusted P=0.07, P=0.17 in the intention-to-treat analysis). Patients who underwent surgical procedures had a greater mean percentage reduction from baseline in glycated hemoglobin level than did patients who received medical therapy alone (2.1% vs. 0.3%, P=0.003). At 5 years, changes from baseline observed in the gastric-bypass and sleeve-gastrectomy groups were superior to the changes seen in the medical-therapy group with respect to body weight (-23%, -19%, and -5% in the gastric-bypass, sleeve-gastrectomy, and medical-therapy groups, respectively), triglyceride level (-40%, -29%, and -8%), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (32%, 30%, and 7%), use of insulin (-35%, -34%, and -13%), and quality-of-life measures (general health score increases of 17, 16, and 0.3; scores on the RAND 36-Item Health Survey ranged from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health) (P<0.05 for all comparisons). No major late surgical complications were reported except for one reoperation. Conclusions Five-year outcome data showed that, among patients with type 2 diabetes and a BMI of 27 to 43, bariatric surgery plus intensive medical therapy was more effective than intensive medical therapy alone in decreasing, or in some cases resolving, hyperglycemia. (Funded by Ethicon Endo-Surgery and others; STAMPEDE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00432809 .).
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            Metabolic Surgery in the Treatment Algorithm for Type 2 Diabetes: A Joint Statement by International Diabetes Organizations.

            Despite growing evidence that bariatric/metabolic surgery powerfully improves type 2 diabetes (T2D), existing diabetes treatment algorithms do not include surgical options.
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              Surgery for weight loss in adults.

              Bariatric (weight loss) surgery for obesity is considered when other treatments have failed. The effects of the available bariatric procedures compared with medical management and with each other are uncertain. This is an update of a Cochrane review first published in 2003 and most recently updated in 2009. To assess the effects of bariatric surgery for overweight and obesity, including the control of comorbidities. Studies were obtained from searches of numerous databases, supplemented with searches of reference lists and consultation with experts in obesity research. Date of last search was November 2013. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing surgical interventions with non-surgical management of obesity or overweight or comparing different surgical procedures. Data were extracted by one review author and checked by a second review author. Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias and evaluated overall study quality utilising the GRADE instrument. Twenty-two trials with 1798 participants were included; sample sizes ranged from 15 to 250. Most studies followed participants for 12, 24 or 36 months; the longest follow-up was 10 years. The risk of bias across all domains of most trials was uncertain; just one was judged to have adequate allocation concealment.All seven RCTs comparing surgery with non-surgical interventions found benefits of surgery on measures of weight change at one to two years follow-up. Improvements for some aspects of health-related quality of life (QoL) (two RCTs) and diabetes (five RCTs) were also found. The overall quality of the evidence was moderate. Five studies reported data on mortality, no deaths occurred. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported in four studies and ranged from 0% to 37% in the surgery groups and 0% to 25% in the no surgery groups. Between 2% and 13% of participants required reoperations in the five studies that reported these data.Three RCTs found that laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (L)(RYGB) achieved significantly greater weight loss and body mass index (BMI) reduction up to five years after surgery compared with laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). Mean end-of-study BMI was lower following LRYGB compared with LAGB: mean difference (MD) -5.2 kg/m² (95% confidence interval (CI) -6.4 to -4.0; P < 0.00001; 265 participants; 3 trials; moderate quality evidence). Evidence for QoL and comorbidities was very low quality. The LRGYB procedure resulted in greater duration of hospitalisation in two RCTs (4/3.1 versus 2/1.5 days) and a greater number of late major complications (26.1% versus 11.6%) in one RCT. In one RCT the LAGB required high rates of reoperation for band removal (9 patients, 40.9%).Open RYGB, LRYGB and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) led to losses of weight and/or BMI but there was no consistent picture as to which procedure was better or worse in the seven included trials. MD was -0.2 kg/m² (95% CI -1.8 to 1.3); 353 participants; 6 trials; low quality evidence) in favour of LRYGB.  No statistically significant differences in QoL were found (one RCT). Six RCTs reported mortality; one death occurred following LRYGB. SAEs were reported by one RCT and were higher in the LRYGB group (4.5%) than the LSG group (0.9%). Reoperations ranged from 6.7% to 24% in the LRYGB group and 3.3% to 34% in the LSG group. Effects on comorbidities, complications and additional surgical procedures were neutral, except gastro-oesophageal reflux disease improved following LRYGB (one RCT). One RCT of people with a BMI 25 to 35 and type 2 diabetes found laparoscopic mini-gastric bypass resulted in greater weight loss and improvement of diabetes compared with LSG, and had similar levels of complications.Two RCTs found that biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch (BDDS) resulted in greater weight loss than RYGB in morbidly obese patients. End-of-study mean BMI loss was greater following BDDS: MD -7.3 kg/m² (95% CI -9.3 to -5.4); P < 0.00001; 107 participants; 2 trials; moderate quality evidence). QoL was similar on most domains. In one study between 82% to 100% of participants with diabetes had a HbA1c of less than 5% three years after surgery. Reoperations were higher in the BDDS group (16.1% to 27.6%) than the LRYGB group (4.3% to 8.3%). One death occurred in the BDDS group.One RCT comparing laparoscopic duodenojejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy versus LRYGB found BMI, excess weight loss, and rates of remission of diabetes and hypertension were similar at 12 months follow-up (very low quality evidence). QoL, SAEs and reoperation rates were not reported. No deaths occurred in either group.One RCT comparing laparoscopic isolated sleeve gastrectomy (LISG) versus LAGB found greater improvement in weight-loss outcomes following LISG at three years follow-up (very low quality evidence). QoL, mortality and SAEs were not reported. Reoperations occurred in 20% of the LAGB group and in 10% of the LISG group.One RCT (unpublished) comparing laparoscopic gastric imbrication with LSG found no statistically significant difference in weight loss between groups (very low quality evidence).  QoL and comorbidities were not reported. No deaths occurred. Two participants in the gastric imbrication group required reoperation. Surgery results in greater improvement in weight loss outcomes and weight associated comorbidities compared with non-surgical interventions, regardless of the type of procedures used. When compared with each other, certain procedures resulted in greater weight loss and improvements in comorbidities than others. Outcomes were similar between RYGB and sleeve gastrectomy, and both of these procedures had better outcomes than adjustable gastric banding. For people with very high BMI, biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch resulted in greater weight loss than RYGB. Duodenojejunal bypass with sleeve gastrectomy and laparoscopic RYGB had similar outcomes, however this is based on one small trial. Isolated sleeve gastrectomy led to better weight-loss outcomes than adjustable gastric banding after three years follow-up. This was based on one trial only.  Weight-related outcomes were similar between laparoscopic gastric imbrication and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy in one trial. Across all studies adverse event rates and reoperation rates were generally poorly reported. Most trials followed participants for only one or two years, therefore the long-term effects of surgery remain unclear.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                renhyd
                Revista Española de Nutrición Humana y Dietética
                Rev Esp Nutr Hum Diet
                Academia Española de Nutrición y Dietética (Pamplona, Navarra, Spain )
                2173-1292
                2174-5145
                March 2021
                : 25
                : 1
                : 18-28
                Affiliations
                [3] Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Servicio de Cirugía General Argentina
                [2] Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Servicio de Nutrición Argentina
                [1] Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad de Buenos Aires orgdiv1Servicio de Endocrinología y Metabolismo Argentina
                Article
                S2174-51452021000100018 S2174-5145(21)02500100018
                10.14306/renhyd.25.1.1036
                dd786954-d56f-4cc6-ad31-dcc4271167b3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 March 2020
                : 29 July 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 11
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Investigaciones

                Anciano,Cirugía Bariátrica,Índice de Masa Corporal,Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2,Pérdida de Peso,Bariatric Surgery,Body Mass Index,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2,Aged,Weight Loss

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